Ecological Studies and Conservation Strategies of Tree species in Evergreen Forest at Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, Kerala, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36808/if/2024/v150i6/169791Keywords:
Phytosociology, Species richness, Economic importance, Ethnobotanical importance, Conservation strategies.Abstract
Prerequisite knowledge of the ecosystem is indeed to achieve effective conservation of biodiversity in the Western Ghats. Phytosociological, economical, and ethnobotanical studies may help us understand better the local environment and its current status. From a conservational point of view, such knowledge would help to develop conservation strategies. Phytosociological parameters include density, abundance, frequency, species richness, species evenness, and species diversity in the evergreen forest of Parambikulam Tiger Reserve (PKTR) were discussed. The study also investigated the plants economic and ethnobotanical importance and suggested some necessary conservation strategies for their future survival. Evergreen forests of Parambikualm Tiger Reserve were randomly sampled using the quadrat method, 58 tree species were recorded, represented by 32 families and 51 genera. Monoon fragrans were the dominant species, followed by Dysoxylum malabaricum and Orophea erythrocarpa. The present study conjointly draws attention to the endemic, threatened, medicinal, and economically important tree species of Tiger Reserve. Findings highlighted the need to conserve and enhance biodiversity by recording, evaluating, and assessing the impact through a scientific evaluation. Similar studies can be promoted to minimize biodiversity's consequences from anthropogenic activities and climate change, and for their sustainable management.References
Agrawal A., Nepstad D. and Chhatre A. (2011). Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 36: 373-396. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-042009-094508
Aravindhan V. and Rajendran A. (2014). Diversity of invasive plant species in boluvampatti forest range, the southern Western Ghats, India. Biodiversity Journal, 5(3): 377–386. https://www.biodiversityjournal.com/pdf/5(3)_377-386.pdf
Bhaskar D., Easa P.S., Sreejith K.A., Skejo J. and Hochkirch A. (2019). Large scale burning for a threatened ungulate in a biodiversity hotspot is detrimental for grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Caelifera). Biodiversity and Conservation, 28: 3221-3237. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1437-7_2
Dulloo M.E., Guarino L., Engelmann F., Maxted N., Newbury J.H., Attere F. and Ford-Lloyd B.V. (1998). Complementary conservation strategies for the genus Coffea: A case study of Mascarene Coffea species. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 45:56 -579. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008621028343
Ewald J. (2003). A critique for phytosociology. Journal of vegetation science, 14(2):291-296. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1654-1103.2003.tb02154.x
FAO and UNEP (1993). The challenge of sustainable forest management. What future for the world's forests? Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/t0829e/t0829e00.htm
FAO and UNEP (2020). The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8642en
Frankel O.H., Brown A.H.D. and Burdon J.J. (1995). The Conservation of Plant Biodiversity. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Conservation_of_Plant_Biodiversity/KMNqyaNp TSAC?hl=en&gbpv=0
Gadgil M., Berkes F. and Folke C. (1993). Indigenous Knowledge for Biodiversity Conservation. Ambio, 22(2/3): 151–156. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314060
Gamfeldt L. and Hillebrand H. (2008). Biodiversity effects on aquatic ecosystem functioning–maturation of a new paradigm. International Review of Hydrobiology, 93(45): 550-564. https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.200711022
Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/100_worst.php. Accessed 26 January 2021
Glowka L., Burhenne-Guilmin F. and Synge H. (1994). Guide to the convention on biological diversity. IUCN-The World Conservation Union. IUCN Gland and Cambridge. xii + 161. https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/EPLPno.030.pdf
Gregorius H.R. (1990). A diversity-independent measure of evenness. The American Naturalist, 136(5): 701-711. https://doi.org/10.1086/285124
Hamilton A.J. (2005). Species diversity or biodiversity?. Journal of Environmental Management, 75(1):89-92 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.11.012
Harper J.L. and Hawksworth D.L. (1994). Biodiversity: measurement and estimation. Preface. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. Biological Sciences, 345(1311): 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1098/ rstb.1994.0081
Hobbs R.J. and Humphries S.E. (1995). An integrated approach to the ecology and management of plant invasions. Conservational Biology, 9(4): 761-770. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/2386985?origin=JSTOR-pdf
Holm L.G., Plucknett D.L., Pancho J.V. and Herberger J.P. (1977). The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. University Press of Hawaii 621. https://www.cabdirect.org/ cabdirect/abstract/19776719958
Ilorkar V. and Khatri P. (2003). Phytosociological Study of Navegaon National Park (Maharashtra). Indian Forester, 129(3): 377-387. http://www.ischolar.info/index.php/ indianforester/article/view/2265
Ismail I.M. and ELawad A.A. (2015). Phytosociological Analysis and Species Diversity of Herbaceous Layer in Rashad and Alabassia Localities, South Kordofan State, Sudan. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 8(2): 151-157. https://platform.almanhal.com/Files/2/88305
Krishnamurthy K.V. (2003). Textbook of biodiversity. Science Publishers, Inc 1-45. https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Textbook_of_Biodiversity/ctWO7hLIKk8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq =Krishnamurthy,+K.+V.+(2003).+Textbook+of+biodiversity.+S cience+Publishers.+Krishnamurthy ,+K.+V.+(2003).+Textbook +of+biodiversity.+Science+Publishers.&pg=PR5&printsec=frontcover
Kumar V. and Desai B. (2016 b). Phyto-sociological study of Waghai forest range in Dang district, South Gujarat, India. Journal of Environment and Bio-sciences, 30(2): 549-553. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311107775_PhytoSociological_Study_of_Waghai_Forest_Range_in_Dang_Dist rict_South_Gujarat_india
Kumar V. and Desai B.S. (2016 a). Biodiversity and phytosociological analysis of plants around the Chikhali Taluka, Navsari district, Gujarat, India. The Ecoscan, 9: 689-696. http://theecoscan.com/journals/111_346_VIKAS%20KUMAR. pdf
Lowe S., Browne M., Boudjelas S. and De Poorter M. (2000). 100 of the world's worst invasive alien species: a selection from the global invasive species database (Vol. 12). Auckland: Invasive Species Specialist Group. http://www.issg.org/pdf/ publications/worst_100/english_100_worst.pdf
Magesh G. (2014). Ecological studies of the Parambikulum Tiger Reserve in the Western Ghats of India, using remote sensing and GIS. Kerala Forest Research Institute. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2464.6249
Malhotra N., Panatu S., Singh B., Negi N., Singh D., Singh M. and Chandora R. (2019). Genetic resources: collection, conservation, characterization and maintenance. In Lentils, 2141. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12813522-8.00003-0
Management Plan for Parambikulam Tiger Reserve (2011–2021). Kerala Forest Department, Thiruvananthapuram. 282 http://forest.kerala.gov.in/images/managementplan/eravikulam/pktmr_mp030113.pdf
Manju C.N. and Rajesh K.P. (2011). Contribution to the bryophyte flora of India: the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve in the Western Ghats. Univ.-Bibliothek. http://www.archive-forbryology.com/Archive 92.pdf
Mathachen G., Vasudeva R., Gowda H., Ganeshaiah K. and Uma Shaanker R. (2004). Ecological Amplitude and Regeneration of Medicinally Important Threatened Trees in the Central Western Ghats. Indian Forester, 130(11): 1330-1338. http://ischolar.info/index.php/indianforester/article/view/2153
Maxted N. (2013). In situ, ex situ conservation. In Encyclopedia of Biodiversity:Second Edition 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384719-5.00049-6
Maxted N., Ford-Lloyd B.V. and Hawkes J.G. (1997). Plant genetic conservation: The in situ approach. Chapman and Hall, 15–39. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-0091437-7
Maxted N., Ford-Lloyd B.V. and Hawkes J.G. (2000). Complementary conservation strategies. In: Maxted N, FordLloyd BV, Hawkes JG. (eds) Plant Genetic Conservation. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-14377_2
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC. https://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document .356.aspx.pdf
Misra R. (1968). Ecology workbook. Scientific publishers. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6cBEEAAAQ BAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP4&dq=%22Ecology+workbook%22&ots= XSp5lt8dSt&sig=bHTXaEz1zC1c5_v2un4j6ReRVcg v=onepage&q=%22Ecology%20workbook%22&f=false
Mulder C.P.H., Bazeley White E., Dimitrakopoulos P.G., Hector A., Scherer Lorenzen M. and Schmid B. (2004). Species evenness and productivity in experimental plant communities. Oikos, 107(1): 50-63. https://onlinelibrary. wiley.com/doi/ 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13110.x
Myers N., Mittermeier R.A., Mittermeier C.G., Da Fonseca G.A. and Kent J. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403(6772): 853-858. https://doi.org/10.1038/ 35002501
Narayanan M.K.R., Mithunlal S., Sujanapal P., Kumar N.A., Sivadasan M., Alfarhan A.H., and Alatar A.A. (2011). Ethnobotanically important trees and their uses by Kattunaikka tribe in Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(4): 604-612. https://doi.org/ 10.5897/JMPR.9000599
Nazarudeen A. (1999). An Assessment of the Economically Useful Wild Fruits of Kerala. Ph.D. thesis, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. http://hdl.handle.net/10603/ 62288
Odum E.P. and Barrett G.W. (1971). Fundamental of ecology. Saunders Comp., Philadelphia, London, Toronto. https://www.academia.edu/2181615/Fundamental_of_ecolog y?auto=citations&from=cover_page
Pascal J.P. (1988). Wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of India: Ecology, structure and Floristic Composition and Succession. Institut Francais De Pondicherry.
Peet R.K. (1974). The measurement of species diversity. Annual review of ecology and systematics, 5(1): 285-307. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001441
Phillips E.A. (1959). Methods of vegetation study. Henry Holt & Co., New York.
Rao R.R. and Raghavendra R. (2012). Floristic diversity in Western Ghats: Documentation, conservation and bioprospection—A priority agenda for action. Sahyadri ENews. http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/ sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue38/article/floristic_diversity.pdf
Reddy C.S., Pattanaik C., Mohapatra A. and Biswal A.K. (2007). Phytosociological observations on tree diversity of tropical forest of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Orissa, India. Taiwania, 52(4): 352-359. https://taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/pdf/ tai.2007.52.352.pdf
Remesh M. (2015). Ethnobotanical studies on tribal groups of Palakkad district Kerala. Ph.D. thesis (unpublished), University of Calicut, Thenihippalam, India. http://hdl.handle.net/ 10603/35197
Sahu S.C., Dhal N.K., Reddy S.C., Chiranjibi Pattanaik and Brahmam M. (2007). Phytosociological Study of Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest of Boudh District, Orissa, India. Research Journal of Forestry, 1: 66-72. 10.3923/rjf.2007.66.72
Sasaki N. and Putz F.E. (2009). Critical need for new definitions of “forest†and “forest degradation†in global climate change agreements. Conservation Letters, 2(5): 226-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2009.00067.x
Sasidharan N. (2002). Floristic studies in Parambikulam wildlife sanctuary (No. 246). KFRI Research Report No. 246, ISSN 0970-8103. http://docs.kfri.res.in/KFRI-RR/KFRI-RR246.pdf
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2005). Handbook of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Including Its Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. Secretariat of Convention. https://www.cbd.int/doc/handbook/cbd-hb-all-en.pdf
Senyanzobe J.M.V., Mulei J.M., Bizuru E. and Nsengimuremyi C. (2020). Impact of Pteridium aquilinum on vegetation in Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda. Heliyon 6(9): e04806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04806
Seth M.K. (2003). Trees and their economic importance. Bot. Rev., 69: 321–376. https://doi.org/10.1663/00068101(2004)069[0321:TATEI]2.0.CO;2
Shannon C.E. and Weaver W. (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana, IL: The University of Illinois Press1-117. https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_2383164/component/file_2383163/content
Simpson E.H. (1949). Measurement of diversity. Nature, 163(4148): 688-688. https://doi.org/10.1038/163688a0
Soman D. and Anitha V. (2020). Community dependence on the natural resources of Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Kerala, India. Trees, Forests and People 2, 100014 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2020.100014
Somen C.K., Jose P.A., Sujanapal P. and Sreekumar V.B. (2017). Population evaluation and development of propagation protocol for three Rare, Endangered and Threatened (RET) trees from Kerala part of Western Ghats (Final Report of project KFRI 611/11). KFRI Research Report No. 526, 1-55. http://docs.kfri.res.in/KFRI-RR/KFRI-RR526.pdf
Stachowicz J.J., Bruno J.F. and Duffy J.E. (2007). Understanding the effects of marine biodiversity on communities and ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 38: 739-766. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095659
Toby A. Gardner, Neil D. Burgess, Naikoa Aguilar-Amuchastegui, Jos Barlow, Erika Berenguer, Tom Clements, Finn Danielsen, Joice Ferreira, Wendy Foden, Valerie Kapos, Saiful M. Khan, Alexander C. Lees, Luke Parry, Rosa Maria Roman-Cuesta, Christine B Schmitt, Niels Strange, Ida Theilade and Ima C.G. Vieira (2012). A framework for integrating biodiversity concerns into national REDD+programmes. Biological Conservation, 154: 61-71, ISSN 0006-3207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.018.
Venter O., Meijaard E., Possingham H., Dennis R., Sheil D., Wich S., and Wilson K. (2009). Carbon payments as a safeguard for threatened tropical mammals. Conservation letters, 2(3): 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2009.00059.x
Walker B. and Steffen W. (1997). An overview of the implications of global change for natural and managed
terrestrial ecosystems. Conservation ecology, 1(2). http://www.jstor.org/stable/26271662
Whittaker R.H. (1965). Dominance and diversity in land plant communities: numerical relations of species express the importance of competition in community function and evolution. Science, 147(3655): 250-260. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1715420.pdf
Yesodharan K. and Sujana K.A. (2007 a). Ethnomedicinal knowledge among Malamalasar tribe of Parambikulam wildlife sanctuary, Kerala. Indian Journal of Traditional Culture, 6(3): 481-485. http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/984
Yesodharan K. and Sujana K.A. (2007 b). Status of ethnomedicinal plants in the parambikulam wildlife sanctuary, kerala, south India. Ann. For., 15(2): 322-334. http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Status%20of.pdf
Yesodharan K. and Sujana K.A. (2007 c). Wild edible plants traditionally used by the tribes in the Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India. Natural Product Radiance, 6(1): 74-80. http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/7837
Downloads
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Unless otherwise stated, copyright or similar rights in all materials presented on the site, including graphical images, are owned by Indian Forester.
