Indian Rituals and Herbal Remedies: A Hope Against Corona Pandemic

Astha Srivastava; Brijesh Kumar Pandey; Vipin Mishra; Anupam Dikshit; Shashi Kant Shukla

doi:10.36808/if/2020/v146i8/154863

Indian Rituals and Herbal Remedies: A Hope Against Corona Pandemic

Authors

Astha Srivastava Anupam Rural Laboratory, Centre of Science and Society, IIDS, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002
Brijesh Kumar Pandey Anupam Rural Laboratory, Centre of Science and Society, IIDS, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002
Vipin Mishra Anupam Rural Laboratory, Centre of Science and Society, IIDS, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002
Anupam Dikshit Anupam Rural Laboratory, Centre of Science and Society, IIDS, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002
Shashi Kant Shukla Anupam Rural Laboratory, Centre of Science and Society, IIDS, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36808/if/2020/v146i8/154863

Keywords:

WHO, Phyto-medicines, SARS, Covid-19, Herbal.

Abstract

World health organization (WHO) starts investigating the possibilities in Phyto-medicines after the outburst of SARS in 2002-2003. In the continuation of viral pandemics in December 2019, a novel corona virus came into existence. The whole world is facing the severe condition due to outbreaks of the present virus. More than two lakhs persons have lost their lives, livelihood and economy due to this COVID-19 virus. In the present review authors are trying to establish the relationship between viral disease and herbal secondary metabolites and rituals smoke with special context to India. Human beings are inhaling the ceremonial fumes from the primeval period. Several plants have shown their antiviral properties against the COVID family viruses such as Ocimum tenuiflorum L.Even every civilization has its strong folk remedial knowledge based on plants, animals and natural products. The ritual vapours not only purify the environment but also increases the immunity of a person. Other promising cure to break the spreading chain of this virus is lockdown. When the whole world is in search of effective medicine for the catastrophic disease, the prospects of Ayurveda should be explored.

References

A. Du Toit (2020). Outbreak of a novel coronavirus, Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 18 (123), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0332-0.

Abourashed E.A. EI-Alfy-AT (2016 Dec). Chemical Diversity and Pharmacological Significance of the Secondary Metabolites of nutmeg {Myristica fragrans Houtt.). Phytochem Rei.., 15(6): 1035-1056.

Akhtar S. (2010). Use of Tinospora cordifolia in HIV infection. Indian J Pharmacol., 42:57.

Ashok N. and Raval (1981). The New Age Force of Gayatri. S. Ramakrishan, Executive secretary, Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan, Mumbai.

Badam L., Joshi S.R and BedekarS.S. (1999). 'in vitro' antiviral activity of neem {Azadirachta indica. A. Juss) leaf extract against group B coxsackieviruses. Journal of communicable Diseases. 31(2): 79-90.

Batkhuu J., Hattori K., Takano R, Fushiya S. and Oshiman (2002). No production in activated macrophages in vitro and ex vivo by neo-andrographolide isolated from Andrographis paniculata. Biol Pharm Bull., 25: 1169-1174. Doi: 10.1248/bpb.25.1169.

Bazaka K., Jacob M.V., Chrzanowski W. and Ostrikov K. (2015). Anti-bacterial surfaces: Natural agents, mechanisms of action, and plasma surface modification. RSCAdv, 5: 48739-48759.

Bertol J.W., Rigotto C, De-Padua R.M., Kreis W., Barardi C.R., Braga RC. and Simoes CM. (2011). Anti-herpes activity of glucoevatromonoside, a cardenolide isolated from a Brazilian cultivar of Digitalis lanata. Antiviral Res^ 92: 73-80.

Bhattarai S., Chaudhary R.P and Taylor R.S.L. (2006). Ethnomedicinal plants used by the people of Manang district, central Nepal. J Eftnoft/o/Eftnomed, 2:41-48.

BiradarS., KangralkarV.A., MandavkarY, ThakurM. and Chougule N. (2010). Anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, analgesic and anti-convulsant activity of cyperus essential oils. Int. J PharmPharmSci.,2:M2-M5.

Burgos R.A., Loyola M., Hidalgo M.A., Labranche TP and Hancke J.L. (2003). Effects of 14-deoxyandrographolide on calcium mediated rat uterine smooth muscle vontractility PhytotherRes.17. 1011-1015. Doi: 10.1002/ptr.1275.

Chanda S. and Rakholiya K., (2011). Indian combination therapy: Synergism between natural plant extracts and antibiotics against infectious diseases. In Science Against Microbial Pathogens: Communicating Current Research and Technological Advances; Mendez-Vilas, A., Ed. Formatex Research Center: Badajoz, Spa/n,Volume 1, pp. 520-529.

Chandra D. and Prasad K. (2017). Phytochemicals of Acorus calamus (Sweet flag). Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5): 277-281.

Chen N., Zhou M., Dong X., Qu J., Gong R, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J., Liu Y, Wei Y, Xia J., Yu T and Zhang L. (2020A). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Lancef 395:507-13. doi: 10.1016/ SOI406736(20)30211-7.

Chen S.D., Gao H., Zhu Q.C., Wang YQ., Li T, Mu Z.Q., Wu H.L., Peng T and Yao X.S. (2012B). Houttuynoids A-E, antiherpes simplex virus active flavonoids with novel skeletons from Houttuynia cordata. Org Lett 14: 1775-5.

Cheng H.Y., Huang H.H., Yang CM., Lin LT. and Lin C.C. (2008A). The in vitro anti-herpes simplex virus type-1 and type-2 activity of Long Dan Xie Gan Tan, a prescription of traditional Chinese medicine. Chemotherapy, 54:77-83.

Cheng H.Y, Lin L.T, Huang H.H., Yang CM., Lin C.C. and Tang YCH. (2008B). A Chinese prescription, inhibits both herpes simplex virus type-1 and type-2 infections /n vitro. Antiviral Res 77: 14-19.

Cheng H.Y, Yang CM., Lin TC, Lin L.T, Chiang L.C and Lin C.C. (2011C). Excoecarianin, Isolated from Phyllanthus urinaria Linnea, Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection through Inactivation of Viral Particles. Evid Based Complement Alternative Med: 259103.

Cheng H.Y, Yang CM., Lin TC, Shieh D.E., Lin C.C. (2006D). Ent-Epiafzelechin (4alpha->8)-epiafzelechin extracted from inhibits herpes simplex virus type 2 replication. J Med Microbiol. 55: 201-206.

Cheng P.W., Chiang L.C, Yen M.H. and Lin C.C. (2007E). Bupleurum kaoi inhibits Coxsackie B virus type 1 infection of CCFS-1 cell by induction of type I interferons expression. Food Chemr Toxicol45: 24-31.

Cheng PW., Ng L.T, Chiang L.C. and Lin C.C. (2006F). Antiviral effects of saiko-saponins on human coronavirus 229 E in vitro. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 33: 612-616

Cheng PW., Ng L.T and Lin C.C. (2006G). Xiao chai hu tang inhibits CVB1 virus infection of CCFS-1 cell through the induction of Type I interferon expression. Int Immune Pharmacol 6:1003-1012.

Chiang L.C, Ng L.T, Cheng P.W., Chiang W. and Lin C.C. (2005). Antiviral activities of extracts and selected pure constituents of Ocimum basilicum. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 32: 811-816.

Choi H.J., Lim C.H., Song J.H., Baek S.H. and Kwon D.H. (2009A). Antiviral activity of raoulic acid from Raouliaaustralis against Picornaviruses. Phytomedicine 16: 35-39.

Choi H.J., Song J.H., Park K.S. and Baek S.H. (2010B). In vitro anti-enterovirus 71 activity of gallic acid from Wood for dia fruticosa flowers. LettAppl. Microbiol 50: 438-440.

Chu S.S., Wang CF, Du S.S., Liu S.L. and Liu Z.L. (2011). Toxicity of the essential oil of lllicium difengpi stem bark and its constituents' compounds towards two grain storage insects. J.InsecfSci.11: 1-13.

CnatI J, Morgenstem B., Bauer G., Chandra P, Rabenau H. and Doerr H. (2003). Glyrrhizin, an active component of licoriceroots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus. Lancet 361: 2045-2046. Doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13615-X.

Cooper E. L. (2001). Drug discovery, CAM and natural products. eCAM, 1:215-217.

Danaher R.J., Wang C, Dai J., Mumper R.J., Miller CS. (2011). Antiviral effects of blackberry extract against herpes simplex virus type 1. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Ended 112: 31-35.

Dao TT, Dang TT, Nguyen PH., Kim E., Thuong PT and Oh W.K. (2012B). Xanthones from Polygala karensium inhibit neuraminidases from influenza A viruses. Bio-org Med Chem Left 22: 3688-3692.

Dao TT, Nguyen PH., Lee H.S., Kim E., Park J., Lim S.I. and Oh W.K. (2011 A). Chalcones as novel influenza A (HI N1) neuraminidase inhibitors from Glycyrrhiza inflata. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2V. 294-298.

De-Filippis L.F, Mohamed M.A. and Ahmad P, (2016). Plant secondary metabolites: From molecular biology to health products. In Plant-Environment Interaction: Responses and Approaches to Mitigate Stress; John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Srinagar, India, pp. 263-299.

Du S.S., Yang K., Wang CF, You C.X., Geng Z.F, Guo S.S. and Deng Z.W. (2014). Chemical constituents and activities of the essential oil from Myristicafragrans. against cigarette beetle Lasioderma aerricorne. Chem. Bio-divers. 11:14491456. Doi: 10.1002/cbdv201400137.

Du ToitA. (2020). Outbreak of a novel coronavirus. Nat Rev Microbiol. 18(123). http://doi.org.10.1038/541579-020-0332-0

Dudani T and Saraogi A. (2020). Use of Herbal Medicines on Coronavirus. Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4.4:61-63.

Esmail A., Snafi Al. (2016). A review on Cyperus rotundus: A potential medicinal plant. Journal of Pharmacy 6: 32-48.

Femanda B.A., Braga C P and Junior A.F (2014). Effect of inhaling Cymbopogon martinii Essential oil and geraniol on Serum biochemistry parameters and Oxidative stress in Rats. Biochemistry Research Intemational.

Francisco D., Rojas C, Regina C, Souza FD. and Oliveira W.P, (2014). Clove {Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice. Asian Pacific journal of Tropical Biomedicine. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60215-X

Gantait S., Kundu S. and Salma U. (2017). Pavonia odorata: Botany Conventional Applications, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology Biochemistry and Therapeutic Uses of Medicinal Plants. P.No.220-231

Gamatie T, Penuelas, J., Valles (2017). Ethnobotany phylogeny and omics for human health and food security Trends Plant Sci. 22: 187-191.

GescherK., Kuhn J., Hafezi W., Louis A., DerksenA., Deters A., Lorentzen E. and Hensel A. (2011A). Inhibition of viral adsorption and penetration by an aqueous extract from Rhododendron ferrugineum L. as antiviral principle against herpes simplex virus type-1. Fitoterapia 82: 408-413.

GescherK., Kuhn J., Lorentzen E., Hafezi W., DerksenA., Deters A., Lorentzen E. and Hensel A. (201 IB). Proanthocyanidin-enriched extract from Myrothamnus flabella folia Welw exerts antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 by inhibition of viral adsorption and penetration. J Ethnopharmacoi 134: 468-474.

Goutam N., Singh R.N. and Kumari M., (2016). A clinical study to establish the principle "NASA HI SHIRSO DWARAM" with special reference to NASYA HI KHALITYA. International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ISSN: 2320-5091

Govindachari TR., Suresh G. and Masilamani S. (1998). Identification of antifungal compounds from the seed oil of Azadirachta indica. Phytoparasitica. 26(2): 109-116. Doi: 10.1007/bf02980677.

Gupta PD., Bhatter PD., D'souza D., Tolani M., Daswani P and Tetali P (2014). Evaluating the anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity oi Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. Axenically under reducing oxygen conditions and intracellular assays. BMC Complement. Alternative. Med 14, 84.

Ha J.H., Lee D.U., Lee J.T, Kim J.S., Yong CS., Kim J.A., Ha J.S. and Huh K. (2000). 4- Hydroxybenzaldehyde from Gastro-diaelata as active in the anti-oxidation and GABAergic neuromodulation of the rat brain. J Ethno-pharmacol, 73: 329-333.

He W., Han H., Wang W. and Gao B. (2011). Anti-influenza virus effect of aqueous extracts from dandelion. Virol. J., 8: 538.

Ho H.Y., Cheng M.L., Weng S.F., Leu Y.L. and Chiu D.T. (2009). Antiviral effect of epigallocatechin gallate on enterovirus 71. JAgric Food Chem., 57: 6140-6147.

Holshue M.L., DeBolt C , Lindquist S., Lofy K.H., Wiesman J., Bruce H., Spitters C , Ericson K., Wilkerson S., Tural A., Diaz G., Cohn A., Fox L., Patel A., Gerber S.I., Kim L., Tong S., Lu X., Lindstrom S., Pallansch M.A., Weldon W.C, Biggs H.M., Uyeki T.M. and Pillai S.K. (2020 Jan 31). First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. A/Eng/J Med [Epub ahead of print], doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001191.

Hood J.L., JalloukA.R, Campbell N., Ratner L. and Wickline S.A. (2013). Cytolytic nanoparticles attenuate HIV-1 infectivity. Antiviral Therapy. 18. 95-103.

Hossain M.A., Al-Toubi W.A.S., Well A.M.m Al-Riyami Q.A. and Al-Sabahi J.N (2013). Identification and characterization of chemical compounds in different crude extracts from leaves of Omani neem. Journal of Taibah University for Sc/ence. 7(4): 181-188. Doi: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2013.05.003.

Huang C , Wang Y, Li X., Ren L., Zhao J., Hu Yi., Zhang L., Fan G., Xu J., Gu X., Cheng Z., Yu T, Xia J., Wei Y, Wu W., Xie X., Yin W., Li H., Liu M., Xiao Y, Gao H., Guo L., Xie J., Wag G., Jiang R., Gao Z., Jin Q., Wang G., Jiang R., Gao Z., Jin Q., Wang J. and Cao B. (2020) B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancef.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)301835.

Huang W., Zhang X., Wang Y, Ye W., Ooi V.E., Chung H.Y and Li Y (2010). Antiviral bi-flavonoids from Radix Wikstroemiae (Liaogewanggen). Chin Med., 5: 23.

Ito M., Sato A., Hirabayashi K., Tanabe F, Shigeta S., Baba M., De Clercq E., Nakashima H. and Yamamoto N. (1988). Mechanism of inhibitory effect of glycyrrhizin on replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Antivirus Res.10:289-298. Doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(88)90047-2.

Jain N., Jain R., Jain A., Jain D.K. and Chandal H.S. (2010). Evaluation of wound -healing activity oi Acorus calamus Linn. Natural product research, 24(6): 534-541.

Jakobek, L. (2015). Interactions of polyphenols with carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Food Chem., 175: 556-567.

Jeong H.J., Kim YM., Kim J.H., Kim J.Y, Park J.Y, Park S.J., Ryu YB. and Lee W.S. (2012). Homoiso-flavonoids from Caesal piniasappan displaying viral neuraminidases inhibition. Biol Pharm Bull., 35: 786-790.

Kakaraparthu PS., Srinivas K.V.N.S., Kumar J.K., Niranjana A.K., Rajput D.K. and Anubala S. (2015). Changes in the essential oil content and composition of palmarosa {Cymbopogon martini) harvested at different stages and short intervals in two different seasons. Industrial Crop. Prod., 69: 348-354.

Kalikar M.V, Thawani V.R., Varadpande U.K., Sontakke S.D., Singh R.P and Khiyani R.K. (2008). Immunomodulatory effect of Tinosporacordifolia extract in human immunedeficiency virus positive patients. Indian J. Pharmacol., 40: 107-110.

Kapil A., Koul I.B. Banerjee S.K. and Gupta B.D. (1993). Antihepatotoxic effects of major diterpenoid constituents of Andrographis paniculate. Biochem Pharmacol., 46(1): 182185. Doi: 10.10106/0006-2952(93)90364-3.

Karangwa C , Esters V., Tits M., Miner A., Boland A., Seutin v., NoirfaliseA., Angenot L., GrisarT. and FoidartA. (2007). Characterization of the neurotoxicity induced by extract of Magni stipula butayei {Chrysto balanaceae) in rats: effects of a new natural convulsive agent. Toxicon, 49: 1109-1119.

Kashima Y, Nakaya S. and Miyazawa M. (2014). Volatile Composition and Sensory Properties of Indian Herbal medicine - Pavonia odorafe-Used in Ayurveda. J oleo Sci., 63(2): 149-158.

Kaur P, MathurS., Sharma M., Tiwari M., Srivastava K.K. and Chandra R. (2001). A Biologically active constituent of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) activity Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 16(2): 195-198.

Kendall D.A., Fox D.A. and Enna S.J. (1981). Anticonvulsant profile of gamma vinyl GABA. Neuropharmacology 204-210.

Kour P and Tiwari A. (2018). Medicinal Values of Secondary metabolites of Withania somnifera. Research journal of Pharmacy and Technology Vol.11.

Krawitz C , Mraheil M.A., Stein M., Imirzalioglu C , Domann E., Pleschka S. and Hain T (2011). Inhibitory activity of a standardized elderberry liquid extract against clinicallyrelevant human respiratory bacterial pathogens and influenza A and B viruses. BMC Complement Alternative Med., 11: 16

Kristanti A.F, Mulyadi Tanjung and Aminah N.S. (2018 Feb). Review: Secondary Metabolites oiAquilaria, Thymelaeceae Genus. Mini Rev Org Chem., 15(1): 36-55

Kudo E., Taura M., Matsuda K., Shimamoto M., Kariya R., Goto H., Hattori S., Kimura S. and Okada S. (2013). Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by a tricyclic coumarin GUT-70 in acutely and chronically infected cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett., 23: 606-609.

Lai C, Shih T P , Ko W.C, Tang H.J. and Hsueh PR. (2020 Feb 17). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrobe genfs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924.

Lau K.M., Lee K.M., Koon CM., Cheung C.S., Lau C P , Ho H.M., Lee M.S., Au S.W., Cheng C.H., Lau C.B., Tsui S.K., Wan D.C, Waye M.M., Wong K.B., Wong C.K., Lam C.W., Leung PC. and Fung K.P (2008). Immunomodulatory and anti-SARS activities of Houttuynia cordata. J Ethnopharmacol^ 118: 79-85.

Li Q., Guan X., Wu P, Wang X., Zhou L., Tong Y, Qun Li., Guan X., Wu P, Wang X., Zhou X., Tong Y, Ren R., Kathy S.M.L., Eric H.Y, Lau, Jessica Y , Wong, Xing X., Xiang N., Wu Y, Li C , Chen Q., Li D., Liu T, Zhao J. Liu M., Tu W., Chen C, Jin L., Yang R., Wang Q., Zhou S., Wang R., Liu H, Luo Y, Liu Y, Shao G., Li H., Tao Z., Yang Y, Deng Z., Liu B., Ma Z., Zhang Y, Shi G. M., Tommy TYL., Joseph T, Wu, George F Gao, Benjamin J. C , Yang B.â€ž Gabriel M. L., and Feng Z. (2020 Jan 29). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Eng/J Med [Epub ahead of print], doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.

Li S.Y, Chen C, Zhang H.Q., Guo H.Y, Wang H., Wang L., Zhang X., Hua S., Yu J., Xiao P, Song Li R. and Tan X. (2005). Identification of natural compounds with antiviral activities against SARS-associated coronavirus. Antiviral Res., 67: 18-23.

Lin C.W., Tsai F.J., Tsai C.H., Lai C.C, Wan L., Ho T.Y., Hsieh C.C. and Chao L.P.D. (2005) A. Anti-SARS coronavirus 3Clike protease effects of Isatisind igotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds. Antiviral Res., 68: 36-42.

Lin L.T., Chen T.Y., Chung C.Y., Noyce R.S., Grindley T.B., Mccormick C, Lin T.C., Wang G.H., Lin C.C. and Richardson CD. (2011) B. Hydrolyzable tannins (chebulagic acid and punicalagin) target viral glycoprotein-glycosaminoglycan interactions to inhibit herpes simplex virus 1 entry and cell-tocell spread. J Wrold, 85: 4386-4598.

Lin L.T., Chen T.Y, Lin S.C, Chung C.Y, Lin T.C., Wang G.H., Anderson R., Lin C.C. and Richardson CD. (2013) C Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of chebulagic acid and punicalagin against viruses that use glycosaminoglycans for entry. BMC Microbiol.,13: 187.

Lindequist U., NiedermeyerT. and Ju lich W.D. (2005). The pharmacological potential of mushrooms. eCAM., 2:285-299.

Liu J., Wang Z.T., Ji L.L. and Ge BX. (2007). Inhibitory effects of neo-andrographolide on nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in LPS-stimulated murine macrophage. Mol Cell Biochem., 298: 49-57. Doi: 10.1007/s11010-006-9349-6.

Lu H., Stratton CW. and Tang YW. (2020). Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan China: the mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol [Epub ahead of print]. Doi: 10.1002/jmv25678.

LubbeA., Seibert I., KlimkaitT and Vander Kooy F. (2012). Ethnopharmacology in overdrive: The remarkable anti-HIV activity of Artemisia annua. J Ethno-pharmacol^ 141: 854-859.

Ma L.Y, Ma S.C, Wei P., Lin R.C, But PP, Lee S.H. and Lee S.F. (2003) A. Un-cinosideAand B, two new antiviral chromone glycosides from Selaginella uncinata. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)^ 51: 1264-1267.

Ma S.G., Gao R.M., Li YH., Jiang J.D., Gong N.B., Li L, Lu Y, Tang W.Z., Liu YB., Jing Q.U., Lu H.N., Li Y and Yu S. (2013) B. Antiviral Spiroo-liganones Aand B with Unprecedented Skeletons from the Roots of lllicium oligandrum. Org Lett., 15: 4450-4453.

Miraghaee S.S., Karmi I. and Becker L.A. (2011). Psychobiological Assessment of Smoke of Agarwood (/qu//ariaspp.) in Male Rats, 5: 45-50.

Mohammad A. Alzohairy (2016). Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment. Review Article Open /ccess Volume Article ID 7382506 | 11 pages.

Mordue (Luntz) A.J. and Nisbet A.J. (2000). Azadirachtin from the neem tree Azadirachta indcia: its action against insects. Anals da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil. 29(4): 615-632. Doi: 10.1590/S0301 -80592000000400001.

Murali A., Sudha C, Madhavan V. and Yoganarasimhan S.N. (2007). Anticonvulsant and sedative activity of tagara {Nymphoidesmacro spermum). Pharmaceutical Biology, 45: 407-410.

Nicoll R.A. (2007). Introduction to the pharmacology of CNS drugs. SanFransisco: McGraw-Hill Medical, p.333-346.

Okhuarobo A., Ehizogie P., Erharuyi O. and Imieje V. (2014). Hamessing the medicinal properties oi Andrographis paniculata for diseases and beyond: A review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Diseases, m:213-222.

Padalia R.C, Verma R.S., Chanotiya CS. and Yadav A. (2011). Chemical Fingerprinting of the Fragrant Volatiles of Nineteen Indian Cultivars of Cymbopogon Spreng. (Poacea), Rec. Nat. Prod., 5(4): 290-299.

Pahuja M., Meha J., Reeta K.H., Joshi S. and Gupta YK. (2011). Hydroalcoholic extract of Zizphus jujube ameliorates seizures, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. Epilepsy and behaviour, 2V. 356-363.

Pan S.Y, Litscher G., Gao S.H., Zhou S.F, Yu Z.L., Chen H.Q., Zhang S.F, Tang M.K., Sun J.N. and Ko K.M. (2014) Historical perspective of traditional indigenous medical practices. The current renaissance and conservation of herbal resources. Evid Based Complement Alternative. Med., 525340.

Peiris J.S., Guan Y and Yuen K.Y (2004). Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Nat Med., 10S 88-97.

https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1143

Petrera E. and Coto CE. (2009). Therapeutic effect of meliacine, an antiviral derived from Melia azedarach L., in mice genital herpetic infection. Phyto-therapy Resm., 23: 1771-1777.

Prabhu v., Karanth K.S. and Rao A. (1994). Effects of Nardostachyjatamansi on biogenic-amine and inhibitory amino-acids in the rat-brain. Planta Med., 60: 114-117.

Prashar A., Hill P, Veness R.V. and Evans CS. (2003). Antimicrobial action of palmarosa oil (Cymbopogon martini) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Phytochemistry, 63: 569-575.

Purnima, Bhatt M. and Kothiyal P (2015). A review article on phyto-chemistry and pharmacological profiles of Nardostachysjatamansi DC-medicinal herb. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 3(5): 102-106.

Rahmani A., Alzohairy M., Babiker A.Y, Rizvi M. A. and Elkarimahmad H.G. (2012). Clinicopathological significance of PTEN and bcl2 expressions in oral squamous cell carcinoma. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology 5{9y.965-971.

Raina V.K., Srivastava S.K., Aggarwal K.K., Syamasundar K.V. and Khanuja S.PS. (2003). Essential oil composition of Cymbopogon martini from different places in India. Flavour Frag. J., 18: 312-315.

Rau YB., Jeong H.J., Kim J.H., Kim YM., Park J.Y, Kim D., Hanh Nguyen TT, Park S.J., Chang J.S., Park K.H., Rho M.C and Lee W.S. (2010). Bi-flavonoids from Torreya nucifera displaying SARS-CoV 3CL (pro) inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem., 18.. 7940-7947.

Ren L.L., Wang YM., Wu Z.Q., Xiang Z.C, Guo L., Xu T, Jiang YZ., Li X.W., Li H., Fan G.H., Gu X.Y, Xiao Y, Gao H., Xu J.Y, Yang F, Wang X.M., Wu C, Chen L., Liu Y.W., Liu B., Yang J., Wang X.R., Dong J., Li L., Huang C.L., Zhao J.P, Hu Y, Cheng Z.S., Liu L.L., Qian Z.H., Qin C, Jin Q., Cao B. and Wang J.W. (2020). Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study.

Chinese Med J., https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000722.

Rucker G., Tautges J., Wenzl H. and Graf E. (1978). Isolation and pharmacological active it's of the sesquiterpene valeranone from Nardostachysjatamansi DC (in Germen). Arzneimittelforschung,, 2S: 7-13.

Saha S. and Ghosh S. (2012). Tinospora cordifolia: One plant, many roles. Ancient Science of life 2012., 31(4): 151159 DOI: 10.4103/0257-7041.107344

Sarmiento W.C, Maramba C.C. and Gonzales M.L.M. (2011). An in vitro study on the antibacterial effect of neem {Azadirachtaindcia) leaf extracts on methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PIDSP Journal, 12(1): 40-45.

Selvam K., Rajinikanth R., Agastian G.M.R, Kumar S. and Senogottaiyan T.A. (2013). Antioxidant potential and secondary metabolites in Ocimum sanctum L. at various habitats. Journal of medicinal plant research, 7(12): 706-712.

Singh N., Pandey B.R., Verma R, Bhalla M. and Gilca M. (2012). Rhyto-pharmacotherapeutics of Cyperus rotundus Linn. (Moha): An overview. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 3: 467-476.

Somewane, Akshay J., Shrikant T, Sherkar M.R. and Dhokane Sitaram T. (2012). Rharmacognostic Account of Roots of Valeriana wallichii DC. International Journal of pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 4(4): 41-43.

Srivastava M. and Mishra R (2017). Production of Riant Derived Natural Compounds through Hairy Root Culture. 117132. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-69769-7_6.

Theisen L.L. and MullerC.R (2012). ERs (R) 7630 (Umckaloabo (R)), an extract from Pelargonium sidoides roots, exerts anti-influenza virus activity in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res., 94: 147-156.

Vadhana, Singh R, Bharadwaj B.R. and Singh M., (2015). Emergence of herbal antimicrobial drug resistance in clinical bacterial isolates. Pharm. Anal. Acta., 6: 434.

Valciulyte V. and Loziene K. (2013). Variation of chemical and morphological characters of leaves and unripe cones in Juniperus communis. Botanica Lithuanica, 19(1): 37-47.

Wang C, Horby RW., Hayden RG. and Gao G.R (2020) A. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concem. Lancet 395:470-3. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9.

Wang D., Hu B., Hu C, Zhu R, Liu X., Zhang J., Wang B., Xiang H., Cheng Z., Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X. and Reng Z. (2020 Feb 7) B. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA [Epub ahead of print]. Doi: 10.1001/jama.2020. 1585.

Wang K.C., Chang J.S., Chiang L.C. and Lin C.C. (2012a) C. Cimicifuga foetida L. inhibited human respiratory syncytial virus in HEp-2 and A549 cell lines. Am J Cin MecL 40:151-162.

Wang K.C., Chang J.S., Chiang L.C. and Lin C.C. Sheng-MaGe-Gen-Tang (2011) D. (Shoma-kakkon-to) inhibited cytopathic effect of human respiratory syncytial virus in cell lines of human respiratory tract. J Ethno-pharmacol., 135:538-544.

Wang K.C., Chang J.S., Lin L.T., Chiang L.C. and Lin C.C. (2012b) E. Antiviral effect of cimicifugin from Cimicifuga foetida against human respiratory syncytial virus. Am J Chin Med., 40: 1033-1045.

Wang Y, Chen M., Zhang J., Zhang X.L., Huang X.J., Wu X., Zhang Q.W., Li YL. and Ye W.C. (2012) R Flavone Cglycosides from the leaves of Lophatherum gracile and their in vitro antiviral activity. Planta Med., 78: 46-51.

Wink M. (2015). Modes of action of herbal medicines and plant secondary metabolites. Medicines, 2: 251-286.

Xialiguo Cui M., Deng M., Liu X., Huang X., Zhang X. and Luo L. (2017). Molecular differentiation of five Cinnamomum camphora chemotypes using desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of raw leaves. Scientific reports. 7, AN: 46579

Yang CM., Cheng H.Y, Lin T.C., Chiang L.C. and Lin C.C. (2007A). Hippomanin Afrom acetone extract of Rhyllanthus urinaria inhibited HSV-2 but not HSV-1 infection in vitro. Phyto-therapy Res., 2.1182-1186.

Yang CM., Cheng H.Y, Lin T.C, Chiang L.C. and Lin C.C. (2007B). The in vitro activity of geraniin and 1,3,4,6-tetra-Ogalloylbeta-D-glucose isolated from Rhyllanthus urinaria against herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 infection. J. Ethnopharmacol., 110: 555-558.

Yerima M. B., Jodi S. M., Oyinbo K., Maishanu H. M., Farouq A. A. and Junaidu A. U. (2012). Effect of neem extracts (Azadirachta indica) on bacteria isolated from adult mouth. Journal of basic and Applied Sciences. 20:64-67.

Yu M.S., Lee J., Lee J.M., Kim Y, Chin Y.W., Jee J.G., Keum YM. and Jeong YM. (2012). Identification of myricetin and scutellarein as novel chemical inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus helicase, nsR13. Bioorg Med Chem Lett., 22:4049-4054.

Zang N., Xie X., Deng Y, Wu S., Wang L., Reng C, Li S., Ni K., Luo Y, and Liu E. (2011). Resveratrol-mediated gamma interferon reduction prevents airway inflammation and airway hyper responsiveness in respiratory syncytial virus-infected immune compromised mice. J. //ro/^85: 13061-13068.

Zhang CY and Tan B.K. (1997A). Mechanism of cardiovascular activity of Andrographis paniculate in the anaesthetized rar. J Ethno-pharmacol. 56: 97-101. Doi: 10.1016. S0378-8741(97)01509-2.

Zhang CY and Tan B.K. (1998B). Vasorelaxation of rat thoracic aorta caused by 14-dexyandrographolide. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 25: 424-429. Doi: 10.1111/J.14401681.tb02226.X.