Natural Durability of Imported Timber in Indian Climatic Condition
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36808/if/2022/v148i2/156739Keywords:
Durability Study, Stake Test, Non-Durable Timber, Indian Standard.Abstract
Evaluation of natural durability in specific climatic conditions is a must before putting timber to use for specific purposes. In the present study, 22 different timber species, imported from different parts of the world were assessed under durability trials by stake tests in the test field of Dehradun, India (Latitude: 30°19’ N and Longitude 78°04’ E). The species were chosen keeping in mind the increasing trend of wood import in the country for the last few years and their possible commercial applications, in situ uses and importance in future. Inspections were carried out quarterly for the first year, half-yearly for the second and third years and yearly for the subsequent years. Visual inspection and knife tests, whenever required, were performed to evaluate and analyse the extent of decay and numerical ratings in line of the same were assigned. Stake test data after 3 years’ trial indicated that all 22 species of imported origin were non-durable (ND) under the climatic condition of Dehradun, India. Quite predictably, extent and severity of decay varied a lot amongst different species which supports the authors hypothesis of using specific timber for specific climatic zones and purposes. Evaluation and performance of imported timber with or without preservative is must before recommendation for in service conditions. The test results highlight the need of establishing an Indian Standard specification in terms of quality and performance of such imported timbers of ND and plantation origin so as to guide the budding timber industries of the country in terms of judicious selection of species to ensure efficient use in service.References
BIS-401 (2001). Indian Standard Reprint 1982. Code of practice for preservation of timbers. third revision. Indian Standard Institution, New Delhi, Manak Bhavan, Bahadur Shah Marg.
Blanchette R.A. (1991). Delignification by wood-decay fungi. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol, 29: 381-403.
Brieschke C. and Meyer-Veltrup L. (2017). Durability of wood in ground contact – effects of specimen size. Pro ligno, 13(2): 3-9.
Brischke C, Meyer-Veltrup L. and Bornemann T. (2013). The potential of moisture content measurements for testing the durability of timber products. Wood Science and Technology, 47: 869-886.
Brischke C. and Thelandersson S. (2014). Modelling the outdoor performance of wood products- A review on existing approaches. Construct. Build. Mater., 66: 384-397
Brischke C., Bayerbach R. and Rapp A.O. (2006). Decayinfluencing factors: A basis for service life prediction of wood and wood-based products, Wood Material Science & Engineering, 1(3-4): 91-107, DOI: 10.1080/17480270601019658
CEN: EN 350-1 (1994). Durability of wood and wood-based products. Natural durability of solid wood. Part 1. Guide to the principles of testing and classification of the natural durability of wood. European Committee for Standardisation., Brussels, Belgium
Da Costa E.W.B. and Osborne L.D. (1967). Comparative decay resistance of twenty six New Guinea timber species in accelerated laboratory tests. Commonw. For. Rev., 46: 63-74.
Eaton R.A. and Hale M.D.C. (1993). Wood, decay, pest and protection. Chapman and Hall, London, p 546.
FAO (1986). Wood Preservation Manual (Rome: Food andAgricultural Organization of the United Nations).
Ganguly S. (2018). Conserving wood biodiversity with the help of wood science and technology. Int Res J Environmental Sci., 7(11): 42-44. http://www.isca.in/IJENS/Archive/v7/i11/6.ISCAIRJEvS2018-065.pdf
Ganguly S. and Tripathi S. (2018). Study on Effect of Microwave Treatment on Wood Permeability and Preservative Retention in Imported Timber. Journal of Agroecology and Natural Resource Management, 5(1): 34-40.
Ganguly S., Tripathi S., Tiwari P., Sumi A. And Kanyal R. (2020). Screening of Azadirachta indica seed oil against sap-stain and mould fungi in imported Tectona grandis and Southern Yellow Pine wood through fumigation. J. Trop. For. Sci., 32(2): 114–124.https://doi.org/10.26525/jtfs32.2.114
Ganguly S., Hom S.K., Tripathi S., Ghosh S., Kanyal R. and Samani A. (2021). Quantitative evaluation of microwave irradiation on short-rotation plantation wood species. Maderas: Ciencia y Tecnologia, 23(25):1-14 10.4067/S0718-221X2021000100425
Gupta B.K. and Sen-sarma P.K. (1978). Anti-termite properties of some anthragu in one derivatives. Holzforsch. Holzeverw. Viena, 30, 57-58.
Harris W.V. (1961). Termites, their Recognition and Control. Longmans Green and Co.Ltd., London, p. 187.
Haverty M.I., Getty G.M., Copren K.A., and Lewis V.R. (1999). Seasonal foraging and feeding behaviour of Reticulitermes sp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in a wild land and residential location in northern California. Environ. Entomol., 28: 1077-1084.
Haverty M.I., La Fage J.P. and Nutting W.L.(1974). Seasonal activity and environmental control of foraging of the subterranean termite, Heterotermes aureus (Snyder), in desert grassland. Life Sci., 15: 1091-1101.
Highley T.L. (1982). Influence of type and amount of lignin on decay by Coriolus versicolor. Can. J. For. Res., 12, 435-438.
Hom S.K., Ganguly S., Samani A. and Tripathi S. (2020a). Improvement in fire retardancy with double-step chemical modification on Pinus radiata D. Don using dimethyl methylphosphonate with propylene oxide and maleic a n h y d r i d e . I n t Wo o d P r o d J . , 11( 3 ) : 1 3 8 - 1 4 5 . https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2020.1765624
Hom S.K., Ganguly S. Bhoru Y.U. and Samani A. (2020b). Effect of chemical modification on dimensional stability of Pinus radiata D. Don using acetic anhydride. J. For.Sci., 66: 208–217. https://doi.org/10.17221/13/2020-JFS
Lahiry A.K. (1994). Age of trees vs durability of woods (theory vs experience). J. Timb. Dev. Assoc. (India), 2: 20-33.
Lande S., Westin M., and Schneider M. (2004). Properties of furfurylated wood. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 19: 22-30.
Meyer-Veltrup L., Brischke C. and Preston A. (2016). Testing the durability of timber above ground: a review on methodology. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 11: 283-304.
Meyer-Veltrup L., Brischke C. and Källander B. (2017). Testing the durability of timber above ground: evaluation of different test methods. Eur. J. Wood Prod., 75: 291–304 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-016-1137-8
Moore A.M. (1986). Temperature and moisture dependence of decomposition rates of hardwood and coniferous leaf litter. Soil Biol. Biochem., 18: 427-435.
Niamke F.B., Amusant N., Stien D., Chaix G., Lozano Y., Kadio A.A., Lemenager N., Goh D., Adima A.A., Kati-coulibaly S., and Jay-allemand C.(2012). Dihydroxy-epiisocatalponol, a new naphthoquinone from Tectona grandis L. f. heartwood and fungicidal activity. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 74: 93-98.
Purushotham A., Das N.R., Singh S., Subrahmanyam I.V., Shivaramakrishnan V.R.,. Madhavan Pillai S.R., Badola K.C. and Gahlot H.S. (1967). Natural Durability of commercially Important Timber species and efficacy of preservatives on land (Part I). Ninth Commonwealth Forestry Conference, India.
Råberg U., Edlund M., Terziev N. et al. (2005). Testing and evaluation of natural durability of wood in above ground conditions in Europe – an overview. J. Wood Sci., 51: 429–440 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-005-0717-8
Rajamuthukrishnan, Remadevi O.K. and Sundararaj R. (2003). Natural durability of Indian and exotic timbers against termites. Paper presented in the National workshop on Wood
Preservation in India: challenges, opportunities and strategies held at Institute of Wood Science & Technology, Bangalore from 20 th to 21 st October, 2003, P. 13-14.
Rudman P. and Gay F.J. (1963). The cause of natural durability in timber. PT. 10. The deterrent properties of some three ringed carbocyclic and heterocyclic substances to the subterranean termite Nasutitermesexitisous Hill. Holzforschung, 17: 21-25.
Saha S., Ganguly S. and Tripathi S. (2020). Improving preservative retention and penetration of imported Tectona grandis using microwave treatment. Pro Ligno., 16(3): 44-52.
Scheffer T.C. and Cowling E.B. (1966). Natural resistance of wood to microbial deterioration. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 4: 147-170.
Scheffer T.C. and Morrell J.J. (1998). Natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University. Research Contribution 22.62p.
Sen Sarma P.K., Thakur M.L., Misra S.C. and Gupta B.K. (1975). Wood Destroying Termites of India. F.R.I. Publication, pp. 190.
Shrivastava, S. and Saxena, A.K. (2017). Wood is Good: But, is India doing enough to meet its present and future needs? Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi
Singh T. and Page D. (2020). Evaluation of Selected Accelerated Above-Ground Durability Testing Methods for Wood after Ten Years Exposure. Forests, 11: 559.
Sood D. (2019). Wood and Wood Products Update 2019. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service GAIN Report Number IN 9033, Dated 17.04.2019., New Delhi.
Sundararaj R., Shanbhag R.R., Nagaveni H.C. and Vijayalakshmi G. (2015). Natural durability of timbers under Indian environmental conditions—an overview. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 103: 196–214. DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.04.026
Syafii W. and Yoshimoto T. (1991). Effect of lignin structure on decay resistance of some tropical woods. Indones. J. Trop. Agric., 3: 32-37.
Syafii W., Samejima M. and Yoshimoto T. (1988). The role of extractives in decay resistance Ulin wood (Eusideroxylonzwageri T. Et. B). Bull. Tokyo Univ. For., 77: 1-8.
Takahashi T. and Krishima T.(1973). Decay resistance of sixty five south East Asian timber specimens in accelerated laboratory tests. TonanAijaKenkyu, 10: 525-541.
Taylor A.M., Gartner B.L. and Morrell J.J. (2006). Effects of Heartwood Extractive fractions of Thujaplicata and Chamaecyparisnootkatensison wood degradation by termites or Fungi. J. Wood Sci., 52: 147-153.
TRADA (1984). Timber pests and their control. Timber Research and Development Association (TRADA). Executive Press Limited, Burnham, Bucks, England.
Tripathi S. (2012) Treatability evaluation of meranti with Zi BOC and CCA. International Wood Products Journal, 3(2): 70-76, DOI: 10.1179/2042645311Y.0000000021
Vernon M. and Björn B. (1986). Regional variation in rate of mass loss of Pinus sylvestris needle litter in Swedish pine forests as influenced by climate and litter quality,Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 1(1-4): 167-180, DOI: 10.1080/02827588609382409
Wainhouse D.J., Cross D.J and Howell, R.S. (1990). The role of lignin as a defence against the Spruce bark beetle Dendroctonus micans: effect on larvae and adults. Oecologia, 85: 257-265.
Zabel R.A. and Morrell J.J. (1992). Wood Microbiology: Decay and Its Prevention. Academic Press, London.
Downloads
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Unless otherwise stated, copyright or similar rights in all materials presented on the site, including graphical images, are owned by Indian Forester.
