A Review on Seed Germination Studies of Endemic, Endangered and Threatened Flowering Plants of India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36808/if/2025/v151i4/170636Keywords:
RET Species, Germination, Pretreatments, Dormancy, Conservation.Abstract
This comprehensive review explores methods of seed germination and various aspects related to the germination process for endemic, rare, threatened, and endangered plant species. The review also focuses on different methods of viability testing and includes a discussion on the causes of endemism and rarity. Additionally, it examines the molecular aspects of hormones involved in germination. Moreover, it covers diverse approaches about specific endemic, endangered, and threatened species assessing their physical, chemical, and hormonal treatments, effectiveness for mass propagation and thereby conservation. This review serves as a valuable resource for conservationists and researchers, offering insights and strategies for preserving vital plant species. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of understanding the intricate biological and ecological factors that influence seed germination and plant survival. By addressing seed germination strategies, the review aims to contribute to more effective conservation efforts and promote the sustainable management of biodiversity.
References
Abraham S., Augustine J. and Thomas T.D. (2012). Asymbiotic seed germination and in vitro conservation of Coelogyne nervosa A. Rich. an endemic orchid to Western Ghats. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 18: 245-251.
Airi S., Rawal R.S. and Dhar U. (2005). Presowing treatment effects on germination of Cornus capitata seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 33(1): 77-86.
Anandalakshmi R. and Prakash M.S. (2010). Seed germination and storage characteristics of Decalepis hamiltonii implications for regeneration. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 19(4): 399407
Anaz K.M., Sasidharan N., Dilsha M.V. and Deepa K. (2019). Seed storage and germination of Salacia gambleana whiting & Kaul (Celastraceae), an endemic and endangered medicinal plant of Western Ghats.
Bano H., Rather R.A., Bhat J.I., Bhat T.T., Azad H., Bhat S.A. and Bhat M.A. (2021b). Effect of pre-sowing treatments using phytohormones and other dormancy breaking chemicals on seed germination of Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb.: an Endangered Medicinal Plant Species of North Western Himalaya. Env. & Cons, 27: 253-260.
Basu S., Kumar A., Lal S. and Parihar S. (2013). Emerging Paradigms in Hybrid Seed Production, Plant Variety Protection, Value Addition and Quality Assurance for Enhancing P r o d u c t i v i t y a n d S u s t a i n a b l e C r o p P r o d u c t i o n . doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4017.4966.
Bhat I.A., Magray J.A., Guleria K., Fayaz M., Qadir R.U., Ganie A.H. and Kaloo Z.A. (2024). Conservation implications of seed germination studies of Aquilegia fragrans Benth.–a native and endangered medicinal plant species of Kashmir Himalaya. South African Journal of Botany, 166: 151-160.
Bruchmann I. and Hobohm C. (2014). Factors that create and increase endemism In Endemism in vascular plants. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands., 51-68.
Bohra P., Waman A.A. and Jerard B.A. (2019). Accelerating regeneration of threatened wild banana (Musa paramjitiana L.J.Singh) endemic to Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Current Science, 116(11): 1792-1794.
Bohra P., Waman A.A. and Jerard B.A. (2020). Seed germination and storage studies in seed-fertile Musa indandamanensis and its conservation. South African Journal of Botany, 128: 161-166.
Borah R., Babina K., Choudhury H. and Upadhaya K. (2023). Dormancy, viability and germination of Magnolia lanuginosa (Wall.) Figlar & Noot. seeds: A threatened tree species of Northeast India. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 43(1): 54-61.
Borah R., Malngiang L., Upadhaya K. and Choudhary H. (2024). Seed dormancy, viability and germination of Illicium griffithii: A threatened medicinal plant of northeast India. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 23(2): 160-167.
Camenisch M. and Cook C.D. (1996). Wiesneria triandra (Dalzell) Micheli (Alismataceae): a rare and unusual south Indian endemic. Aquatic botany, 55(2): 115-131.
Chandola R. and Upadhyaya A. (2021). Effects of cold scarification and GA3 at 4ºC on seed Germination of Meizotropis pellita a wild species of Indian Himalayan Region. TC, 4, 75.
Chavan J.J., Nimbalkar M.S., Gaikwad N.B., Dixit G.B. and Yadav S.R. (2011). In vitro propagation of Ceropegia spiralis Wight-an endemic and rare potential ornamental plant of peninsular India. Proc Nat Acad Sci India Sect B., 81(1): 120126.
Choudhury B.I., Khan M.L. and Das A.K. (2009). Seed dormancy and germination in Gymnocladus assamicus: An endemic legume tree from Northeast India. Seed Science and Technology, 37(3): 582-588.
Copeland L.O. and McDonald M.F. (2012). Principles of Seed Science and Technology. Springer Science & Business Media, Ed.).
Dar A.R., Reshi Z. and Dar G.H. (2009a). Germination studies on three critically endangered endemic angiosperm species of the Kashmir Himalaya, India. Plant Ecology, 200: 105-115.
Dar S.A. and Nabi M. (2022b). Conservation of Biodiversity in India: Current status and future strategies. In Towards sustainable natural resources: Monitoring and managing ecosystem biodiversity (pp. 195-214). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Deb C.R., Rout G.R., Mao A.A., Nandi S.K., Singha R.N., Vijayan D. and Swain D. (2018). In vitro propagation of some threatened plant species of India. Current Science, 567-575.
Deshpande S.M. and Yadav S.R. (2020). Conservation of selected rare and endemic trees from Northern Western Ghats.
De Wit M., Galvão V.C. and Fankhauser C. (2016). LightMediated Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growthand Development. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 67: 22.1-22.25.
Dhyani A., Baskin C.C., Nautiyal B.P. and Nautiyal M.C. (2019). Overcoming root dormancy and identifying the storage behaviour of Lilium polyphyllum seeds. Botany, 97(2): 161-166.
Eidmann F.E. (1938). Eineneuebiochemische Methodezur Erkennung des Aussaatwertes von Samen. Proc. Internat. Seed Test. Assoc., 10: 203-209.
Erulappan M.M. and Muthuchelian P. (2024). Restoration of Two Endangered Tree Species from Southern Western Ghats Through Ex Vitro Propagation.
Horo S., Ranjani R., Waman A.A., Jha S.K. and Bohra P. (2022). Seed Germination Studies in Andaman Kokum (Garcinia dhanikhariensis S.K. Srivastava): An Endemic Species from Bay Islands, India. Journal of the Andaman Science Association, 27: 95-103.
Iralu V. and Upadhaya K. (2016a). Dormancy, storability, and germination of seeds in Magnolia punduana (Magnoliaceae). Botany, 94(10): 967-973.
Iralu V., Barbhuyan H.S.A. and Upadhaya K. (2019b). Ecology of seed germination in threatened trees: a review. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 4: 189-210.
Abraham S., Augustine J. and Thomas T.D. (2012). Asymbiotic seed germination and in vitro conservation of Coelogyne nervosa A. Rich. an endemic orchid to Western Ghats. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 18: 245-251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-012-0118-6
Airi S., Rawal R.S. and Dhar U. (2005). Presowing treatment effects on germination of Cornus capitata seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 33(1): 77-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2005.33.1.08
Anandalakshmi R. and Prakash M.S. (2010). Seed germination and storage characteristics of Decalepis hamiltonii implications for regeneration. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 19(4): 399407 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2010.9752681
Anaz K.M., Sasidharan N., Dilsha M.V. and Deepa K. (2019). Seed storage and germination of Salacia gambleana whiting & Kaul (Celastraceae), an endemic and endangered medicinal plant of Western Ghats.
Bano H., Rather R.A., Bhat J.I., Bhat T.T., Azad H., Bhat S.A. and Bhat M.A. (2021b). Effect of pre-sowing treatments using phytohormones and other dormancy breaking chemicals on seed germination of Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb.: an Endangered Medicinal Plant Species of North Western Himalaya. Env. & Cons, 27: 253-260.
Basu S., Kumar A., Lal S. and Parihar S. (2013). Emerging Paradigms in Hybrid Seed Production, Plant Variety Protection, Value Addition and Quality Assurance for Enhancing P r o d u c t i v i t y a n d S u s t a i n a b l e C r o p P r o d u c t i o n . doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4017.4966.
Bhat I.A., Magray J.A., Guleria K., Fayaz M., Qadir R.U., Ganie A.H. and Kaloo Z.A. (2024). Conservation implications of seed germination studies of Aquilegia fragrans Benth.–a native and endangered medicinal plant species of Kashmir Himalaya. South African Journal of Botany, 166: 151-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2024.01.032
Bruchmann I. and Hobohm C. (2014). Factors that create and increase endemism In Endemism in vascular plants. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands., 51-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6913-7_3
Bohra P., Waman A.A. and Jerard B.A. (2019). Accelerating regeneration of threatened wild banana (Musa paramjitiana L.J.Singh) endemic to Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Current Science, 116(11): 1792-1794.
Bohra P., Waman A.A. and Jerard B.A. (2020). Seed germination and storage studies in seed-fertile Musa indandamanensis and its conservation. South African Journal of Botany, 128: 161-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.09.022
Borah R., Babina K., Choudhury H. and Upadhaya K. (2023). Dormancy, viability and germination of Magnolia lanuginosa (Wall.) Figlar & Noot. seeds: A threatened tree species of Northeast India. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 43(1): 54-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2021.09.007
Borah R., Malngiang L., Upadhaya K. and Choudhary H. (2024). Seed dormancy, viability and germination of Illicium griffithii: A threatened medicinal plant of northeast India. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 23(2): 160-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2023.10.005
Camenisch M. and Cook C.D. (1996). Wiesneria triandra (Dalzell) Micheli (Alismataceae): a rare and unusual south Indian endemic. Aquatic botany, 55(2): 115-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(96)01065-0
Chandola R. and Upadhyaya A. (2021). Effects of cold scarification and GA3 at 4ºC on seed Germination of Meizotropis pellita a wild species of Indian Himalayan Region. TC, 4, 75.
Chavan J.J., Nimbalkar M.S., Gaikwad N.B., Dixit G.B. and Yadav S.R. (2011). In vitro propagation of Ceropegia spiralis Wight-an endemic and rare potential ornamental plant of peninsular India. Proc Nat Acad Sci India Sect B., 81(1): 120126.
Choudhury B.I., Khan M.L. and Das A.K. (2009). Seed dormancy and germination in Gymnocladus assamicus: An endemic legume tree from Northeast India. Seed Science and Technology, 37(3): 582-588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2009.37.3.07
Copeland L.O. and McDonald M.F. (2012). Principles of Seed Science and Technology. Springer Science & Business Media, Ed.).
Dar A.R., Reshi Z. and Dar G.H. (2009a). Germination studies on three critically endangered endemic angiosperm species of the Kashmir Himalaya, India. Plant Ecology, 200: 105-115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-008-9436-8
Dar S.A. and Nabi M. (2022b). Conservation of Biodiversity in India: Current status and future strategies. In Towards sustainable natural resources: Monitoring and managing ecosystem biodiversity (pp. 195-214). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06443-2_11
Deb C.R., Rout G.R., Mao A.A., Nandi S.K., Singha R.N., Vijayan D. and Swain D. (2018). In vitro propagation of some threatened plant species of India. Current Science, 567-575. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v114/i03/567-575
Deshpande S.M. and Yadav S.R. (2020). Conservation of selected rare and endemic trees from Northern Western Ghats. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36808/if/2020/v146i4/131081
De Wit M., Galvão V.C. and Fankhauser C. (2016). LightMediated Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growthand Development. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 67: 22.1-22.25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112252
Dhyani A., Baskin C.C., Nautiyal B.P. and Nautiyal M.C. (2019). Overcoming root dormancy and identifying the storage behaviour of Lilium polyphyllum seeds. Botany, 97(2): 161-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2018-0161
Eidmann F.E. (1938). Eineneuebiochemische Methodezur Erkennung des Aussaatwertes von Samen. Proc. Internat. Seed Test. Assoc., 10: 203-209.
Erulappan M.M. and Muthuchelian P. (2024). Restoration of Two Endangered Tree Species from Southern Western Ghats Through Ex Vitro Propagation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4843925
Horo S., Ranjani R., Waman A.A., Jha S.K. and Bohra P. (2022). Seed Germination Studies in Andaman Kokum (Garcinia dhanikhariensis S.K. Srivastava): An Endemic Species from Bay Islands, India. Journal of the Andaman Science Association, 27: 95-103.
Iralu V. and Upadhaya K. (2016a). Dormancy, storability, and germination of seeds in Magnolia punduana (Magnoliaceae). Botany, 94(10): 967-973. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0056
Iralu V., Barbhuyan H.S.A. and Upadhaya K. (2019b). Ecology of seed germination in threatened trees: a review. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 4: 189-210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-019-00121-w
Irfan M., Anas M. and Ahmad N. (2023). Seed Viability and Aging Insights into Physiological, Genetic, and Hormonal Factors. International Journal of Research and Advances in Agricultural Sciences, 2(4): 86-97.
Joseph N. and Vineeth V.K. (2018). Conventional Vegetative Propagation and in vitro seed germination of endemic plant Colubrina travancorica Bedd. International Journal of Scientific Research, Biological sciences, 5(4): 134-139. Retrieved from www.isroset.org DOI: https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v5i4.134139
Joshi R. (2018). Role of Enzymes in Seed Germination. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 6(2): 1481-1485. Retrieved from www.ijcrt.org
Joshi B., Panwar G.S. and Ambrish K. (2019). Seed Germination and storage behavior of Pittosporum eriocarpum Banks. ex Gaertn.: An endemic species of North-West Himalaya. Indian Journal of Forestry, 42(3): 239-242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2019-3A3KJ3
Kandari L.S., Rao K.S., Payal K.C., Maikhuri R.K., Chandra A. and Van Staden J. (2012). Conservation of aromatic medicinal plant Rheum emodi through improved seed germination. Seed Science and Technology, 40(1): 95-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2012.40.1.10
Karande P.S., Haldankar P.M., Khandekar R.G., Malshe K.V. and Mane A.V. (2023). Effect of seed treatment on germination and growth of bullock's heart (Annona reticulata L.) seedling.
Kher M.M. and Nataraj M. (2015). Effect of sulfuric acid treatment on breaking of seed dormancy and germination of Indian doum palm, Hyphaene dichotoma, a threatened and endemic palm. Environmental and Experimental Biology, 13(3): 99-101.
Klupczyńska E.A. and Pawłowski T.A. (2021). Regulation of Seed Dormancy and Germination Mechanism in Changing Environment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(3): 1357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031357
Kumar P., Murugesh M., Parthiban K.T., Srimathi P. and Saravanan V. (2015). Standardization of Presowing treatment for Quality Seedling production in Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Advances in Tree Seed Science and Silviculture, 122.
Kumari R.V. (2018). Invitro Propagation of Shorea tumbuggaia Roxb. An endemic and endangered species of Tirumala Hills.
Maku J.O., Gbadamosi A.E. and Oke S.A. (2014). Effect of Some Growth Hormones on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Thaub). International Journal of Plant Research, 4(1): 36-42.
Mao A.A., Agrawala D.K. and Mukherjee S. (2023). Plant Discoveries (including algae, fungi and microbes), New Genera species and new record. Botanical Survey of India. http://bsi.gov.in
Mukherjee D. and Chakraborty S. (2014). Studies on ecology, habitats diversification and seed germination behavior of Valeriana jatamansi Jones: a critical endangered plant. Int. J. Agric. Sci., 4: 203-209.
Nalawade A.S., Desai M.T., Gaikwad N.B., Gurav R.V., Dixit G.B. and Yadav S.R. (2016). In vitro propagation of Ceropegia anjanerica Malpure et al.: a rare endemic plant from Maharashtra. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 86: 275-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-014-0420-x
Nikam T.D., Patil J.G., Ahire M.L., Ghane S.G., Nitnaware K.M. and Naikawadi V.B. (2012). Axillary multiplication of Ceropegia mahabalei Hemadri & Ansari and Ceropegia media (Huber) Ansari: critically endangered ethnomedicinal herbs of Western Ghats, Maharashtra state of India. Int J Plant Dev Biol., 6: 2733.
Nonogaki H., Bassel G.W. and Bewley J.D. (2010). Germination—Still a mystery. Plant Sci., 179 (6): 574-581. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.02.010
Pal S., Sharma T.R. and Nagar O.P. (2019). Effect of Cow Urine and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Seed Germination, Growth and Survival of Karonda (Carissa carandas L.) Seedlings. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 8(11): 1967-1978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.811.230
Pamei K., Larkin A. and Kumar H. (2017). Effect of different treatments on the germination parameters and seedling quality index of Tectona grandis (Teak) under nursery condition. International Journal of Chemical studies, 5(5): 2418-2424.
Pandey S., Kushwaha R., Prakash O., Bhattacharya A. and Ahuja P.S. (2005). Ex situ conservation of Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.—an endangered medicinal plant of the Himalaya through mass propagation and its effect on growth and alkaloid content. Plant Genetic Resources, 3(2), 127-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/PGR200570
Panwar G.S., Kumar P., Bhandari A., Srivastava A. and Mao A.A. (2024). Integration of ex-situ multiplication approaches with in-situ conservation of Gentiana kurroo through reintroduction and recovery programs: a critically endangered and endemic species of the North-West Himalaya. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4253275/v1
Patel H.S., Tandel M.B., Prajapati V.M., Amlani M.H. and Prajapati D.H. (2018). Effect of different pre-sowing treatments on germination of red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus L.f.) in net house condition. Int J Chem Stud., 6(2): 876-879.
Prasannan P., Palanivel V. and Ramasubbu R. (2023). In vitro propagation of Elaeocarpus venustus Bedd. (Elaeocarpaceae): A critically endangered tree of Southern Western Ghats, India. South African Journal of Botany, 160: 622-632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2023.07.040
Pouteau R., Brunel C., Dawson W., Essl F., Kreft H., Lenzner B. and van Kleunen M. (2022). Environmental and socioeconomic correlates of extinction risk in endemic species. Diversity and Distributions, 28(1): 53-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13438
Purohit S., Nandi S.K., Palni L.M.S., Giri L. and Bhatt A. (2015). Effect of sulfuric acid treatment on breaking of seed dormancy and subsequent seedling establishment in Zanthoxylum armatum DC: an endangered medicinal plant of the Himalayan region. National Academy Science Letters, 38: 301-304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40009-015-0349-5
Raji R. and Siril E. A. (2018). Assessment of different pretreatments to breakage dormancy and improve the seed germination in Elaeocarpus serratus L.- an underutilized multipurpose fruit tree from South India. Forest science and technology, 14(4): 160-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2018.1507951
Rashid S., Rashid K., Ganie A.H., Nawchoo I.A. and Khuroo A.A. (2023). Seed ecology enlightens restoration of endemic species: A case study of Actaea kashmiriana from the Himalaya. Ecological Engineering, 187: 106880. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2022.106880
Ravindra K.N. and Sharanappa P. (2020). In vitro propagation of Cryptocarya stocksii Meisn. -A vulnerable tree from India. Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 21(41-42): 131-140.
Sharma R.K. and Sharma S. (2010). Effect of storage and coldstratification on seed physiological aspects of Bunium persicum: A threatened medicinal herb of Trans-Himalaya. Int. J. Bot, 6(2): 151-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2010.151.156
Sharma R.K., Chhibber A.K., Saxena V., Kandpal M., Swami M. and Sagar S. (2023). Assessment of viability, germination and efficacy of pre-treatments in seeds of Jurinea dolomiaea, a critically endangered medicinal and aromatic herb of alpine Himalaya, from the perspective of conservation. Journal of Plant Science & Research, 10: 1-4.
Shivanna K.R. and Sanjappa M. (2021). Conservation of endemic and threatened flowering plants: challenges and priorities for India. J. Indian Bot. Soc., 101: 269-290.
Singh L.J., Ekka G.A., Mishra S., Vivek C.P., Shiva Shankar V., Naik M.C. and Saleem F. (2020). Habitat status of Musa paramjitiana L.J. Singh (Musaceae): a critically endangered, endemic species in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. Pleione, 14(1): 121-127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26679/Pleione.14.1.2020.121-127
SooriamuthuSeeni S.S. and Decruse S.W. (2007). In vitro multiplication and restoration of selected rare, endangered and threatened plants of India.
Subbaiyan B., Samydurai P., Venkatesh R. and Thangapandian V. (2015). In Vitro multiple Shoot Induction of Selected Induction of Selected Ceropegia species- medicinally important plants. International Journal of Conservation Science, 6(2).
Survase S.A. and Pokle D.S. (2013). Seed germination Of Abutilon Ranadei Woodr. & Stapf. Critically Endangered Species in Western Ghats, Maharashtra. Indian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(1): 55-58. Retrieved from http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm.
Surya K.P., Smitha R.B., Anoop K.P., Prakashkumar R. and Madhusoodanan P.V. (2015). Induction of seed germination in the RET medicinal plant, Jyothishmathi (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.). International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 5(3): 33-40.
Sutheesh V.K., Jijeesh C.M. and Divya T.P. (2016). Evaluation of organic and inorganic pretreatments for better seed germination and seedling vigour in Santalum album L. Plant Archives, 16(1): 143-150.
Tambat B., Vishwanath K., Chaithra G.N. and Hareesh T.S. (2006). Improved germination of Gymnacranthera canarica Warb. an endangered, endemic tree species of Myristica swamps, Western Ghats, India. Seed Science and Technology, 34(3): 603-608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2006.34.3.07
Thanuja P., Nadukeri S. and Kolakar S.S. (2019). Effect of pre sowing seed treatments on seed germination and seedling growth in Rakta Chandana (Pterocarpus santalinus L.): An Endangered medicinal plant. J. For. Environ. Sci., 7: 1577-1580.
Wambugu P.W., Nyamongo D.O. and Kirwa E.C. (2023). Role of seed banks in supporting ecosystem and biodiversity conservation and restoration. Diversity, 15(8): 896. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/d15080896
Wani B.A., Magray J.A., Ganie A.H., Rashid S., Javid H. and Nawchoo I.A. (2024). Seed biology imperative for conservation and restoration of Swertia thomsonii CB Clarke—an endemic medicinal plant of Himalaya. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(5): 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12632-z
Yadav V., Singh A.K. and Rao V. A. (2018). Effect of GA3 and cow urine on seed germination and seedling growth of custard apple.
Yaqoob U. and Nawchoo I.A. (2017). Impact of habitat variability and altitude on growth dynamics and reproductive allocation in Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 29(1): 19-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2015.10.002
Downloads
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Unless otherwise stated, copyright or similar rights in all materials presented on the site, including graphical images, are owned by Indian Forester.
