Assessment of heartwood and oil content of <I>Santalum album</I> Linn. in Natural and Naturalized populations across contrasting Edapho-climatic conditions in India

Babita Mishra; C. Sandeep; Sushant Arade; Sruthi Subbanna; Syam Viswanath

doi:10.36808/if/2018/v144i7/130939

Assessment of heartwood and oil content of Santalum album Linn. in Natural and Naturalized populations across contrasting Edapho-climatic conditions in India

Authors

Babita Mishra Institute of Wood Science and Technology, 18th cross Malleswaram, Bangalore
C. Sandeep Institute of Wood Science and Technology, 18th cross Malleswaram, Bangalore
Sushant Arade Institute of Wood Science and Technology, 18th cross Malleswaram, Bangalore
Sruthi Subbanna Institute of Wood Science and Technology, 18th cross Malleswaram, Bangalore
Syam Viswanath Institute of Wood Science and Technology, 18th cross Malleswaram, Bangalore

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36808/if/2018/v144i7/130939

Keywords:

Santalum album, Heartwood Formation, Oil Per Cent, Edaphoclimatic Factors.

Abstract

Santalum album is regarded as the only species in Genus Santalum yielding high quality sandal oil. In India, However, a scientific assessment on heartwood and oil yield in non-traditional areas is lacking. Core samples from around 168 sandalwood (Santalum album) trees aged between 8 to 35 years and above and girth class ranging between 30 to â‰¥ 80 cm were extracted at breast height (1.76m) using Hagl-of increment borer from 22 locations across seven states during 2015-2016 to assess variation in heart wood and oil yield. Data revealed that the overall oil content in heartwood in all the girth classes ranged between 1.0 to 4.0%. Mean percent of heartwood and oil increased significantly with age. Maximum oil concentration (4.38%) was observed in natural population in Marayoor (Kerala) in girth class 70-80cm whereas in similar girth class in Madhya Pradesh the maximum oil obtained (1.52%) was substantially low. In sandalwood samples from other states like Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab and Rajasthan, the maximum oil concentration was in 1.0- 2.29% range and was observed in the girth class â‰¥ 80cm. Oil per cent estimated was correlated with heartwood content and was found to vary significantly with girth class and locations. The present study indicates that though Santalum album may grow well across states in India there is no uniform pattern in heartwood formation and oil content with the increasing age of the tree which may be attributed to varying edapho-climatic conditions and source material.

References

Ananthapadmanabha H.S., Nagaveni H.C. and Parthasarathi K. (1984). Differential effect of exogenously applied gibberlic acid on the amylase activities in germinating sandal seeds. Science and Culture, 52: 58-59.

Ananthapadmanabha S.H.S. and Rai R.V. (1998). In vitro shoot multiplication from the mature tree of Santalum album L. In: Sandal and its Products (A. M. Radomiljac, H.

Ananthapadmanabha, S.R.M. Welbourn, and K. Satyanarayana Rao eds). ACIAR Proceedings.No. 84.ACIAR, Canberra, Australia. 60-65.

Applegate G.B., Chamberlain J., Dahuri G., Feigelson J.L., Hamilton L., Mc Kinnell F.H., Neil P.E., Rai S.N., Rodehn B., Statham P.C. and Stemmermann L. (1990). Sandalwood in the Pacific. A state of the knowledge synthesis and summary from the April 1990 symposium. In Proceedings of the symposium on Sandalwood in the Pacific, 911 April, 1990, Honolulu, Hawaii. USDA Forest Service Tech. Rep. PSW 122.pp 111.

Bagchi J.K. and Veerendra H.C.S. (1985). Study on intratree and intertree variations in leaves of Santalum album. My Forest, 21: 33-39.

Bapat V.A. and Rao P.S. (1992).Plantlet Regeneration from Encapsulated and Non-encapsulated Desiccated Somatic Embryos of a Forest Tree: Sandalwood (Santalum album L.). J. Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1(2):109-113.

Brand J., Kimber P. and Streatfield J. (2006).Preliminary analysis of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) oil from a 14-year-old plantation at Kununurra, Western Australia. Sandalwood Res. News letter, 21: 1-3.

Climent J., Gil L. and Pardos J. (1993).Heartwood and sapwood development and its relationship to growth and environment in Pinus canariensis Chr. Sm ex DC Forest Ecol. Manag., 59: 165174.

Doran J., Thomson L., Brophy J., Goldsack B., Bulai P., Faka'osi T. and Mokoia T. (2005). Variation in heartwood oil composition of young sandalwood trees in the South Pacific (Santa/urn yasi, S. album and Fl hybrids in Fiji, and S. yasi in Tonga and Niue). Sandalwood Research Newsletter, 20: 3-7.

Flora and Fauna Protection Ordinance Act, No 22 (Amendment). (2009). Published as a Supplement to Part II of the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of April 24, 2009

Ghosh S.K., Balasundaran M. and Ali M.I.M. (1985). Studies on spike disease of Sandal. KFRI Research Report. No 37. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi. Thrissur. 56 pp.

Gillieson D., Page T. and Silverman J. (2008). â€œAn inventory of wild sandalwood stocks in Vanuatuâ€ Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Publication number: 2008-08 [FST/2006/118]. ISBN: 978 1 921434 36 5, Canberra. (Available at: http://www.aciar.gov.au/node/8439).

Haffner D. (1993). Determining heartwood formation within S. album and S. spicatum. Sandalwood Res. Newsletter, 1:4â€“5 Hillis W.E. (1987). Heartwood and Tree Exudates, SpringerVerlag, Berlin.

Hillis W.E. and Ditchburne N. (1974).the prediction of heartwood diameter in radiate pine trees. Can. J. Forest Res., 4: 524.

Jain S.H., Angadi V.G., Ravikumar G., Theagarajan K.S. and Shankaranarayana K.H. (1999). Studies on cultivation and chemical utilisation of Sandal (Santalum album L.) Fafai Journal, 4953.

Jain S.H., Angadi, V.G. and Shankaranarayana K.H. (2003). Edaphic, environmentaland genetic factors associated with growth and adaptability of Sandal (Santalum album L.) in provenances. Sandalwood Research Newsletter, 17: 67.

Jain S.H., Rangaswamy C.R. and Sharma C.R. (1988).Soil properties and their relationship to the growth of sandal (Santalum album L.) in three study areas in Karnataka. My Forest, 24: 141-146.

Jones C.G., Ghisalberti E.L., Plummer J.A., Barbour E.L. (2006). Quantitative occurrence of sesquiterpenes: a tool from elucidating their biosynthesis in Indian Sandalwood, Santalum album. Phytochemistry. 67(22): 2463- 2468.

Jones C.G., Keeling C.I., Ghisalberti E.L., Barbour E.L., Plummer J.A, Bohlmann J. (2008). Isolation of cDNAs and functional characterisation of two multiproduct terpene synthase enzymes from sandalwood, Santalum album L. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 477(1): 121- 30.

Jones C.G., Moniodis J., Zulak K.G., Scaffidi A., Plummer J.A., Ghisalberti E.L., Barbour, E.L. and Bohlmann J. (2011). Sandalwood fragrance biosynthesis involves Sesquiterpene synthases of both the Terpene Synthase (TPS)-and TPS-b subfamilies, including santalene synthases. J. Biological Chemistry, 286(20): 17445-17454.

Kulkarni H.D. (1995). Studies on variations and tree improvement aspects of sandal (Santalum album L.). PhD thesis submitted to University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore. 197-198 pp.

Kushalappa K.A. (1983). Sandal as a species for social forestry. My Forest, 19: 185-187.

Long J.N. and Smith F.W. (1988). Leaf area sapwood area relations of lodge pole pine as influenced by stand density and site index. Can. J. Forest Res., 18: 247-250.

Mc Kinnell F.H. (1990). Status of management and silviculture research on Sandalwood in Western Australia and Indonesia. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Sandalwood in the Pacific (L.

Hamilton and C. E. Conrad eds.). U.S. Department of Agriculture, General Technical Report. PSW 122, Hawaii. 19-25.

McComb J.A. and Jones M.G.K. (1998). Interspecific hybridization between Santalum album and Santalum spicatum.In Sandal and its Products. Edited by A.M. Radomiljac, H. S.

Ananthapadmanabha, R. M. Welbourn, and K. Satyanarayana Rao. ACIAR Proceedings.No.84. ACIAR, Canberra, Australia. 3641 pp.

Naseer M., Shashank M., Kumar P., Ansari S.A. (2012). Genotyping of Santalum album L. accessions through crossspecies transferability of SSR markers of Santalum austrocaledonicum and Santalum insulare. Sandalwood Res Newsletter, 27:1-5.

Page T., Southwell I., Russell M., Tate H., Tungon J., Sam C., Dickinson G., Robson K. and Leakey R.R.B. (2010).Geographic and Phenotypic Variation in Heartwood and Essential-Oil Characters in Natural Populations of Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 7(8):1990-2006.

Radomiljac A.M., Shea S.R., McKinnell F.H. and McComb J.A. (1998). Potential for irrigated tropical forestry in northern Western Australia. Austral. Forest, 61: 70-75

Rai S.N. (1990). In Proceedings of the Symposium on Sandalwood in the Pacific, Eds. L. Hamilton, C. E. Conrad, USDA Forest Service, Honolulu, Hawaii, 66.

Rai S.N. and Sarma C.R. (1986).Relationship between height and diameter increment of sandal (Santalum album L.).Van Vigyan, 24: 105-138.

Rao M.N. (2004). Mapping genetic diversity of Sandal (Santalum album L.) genetic resources in peninsular India using biochemical and molecular markers: lessons for in situ conservation. Ph.D. thesis, Forest Research Institute (FRI), ICFRE

Rao M.N., Soneji J.R. and Sudarshana P. (2011). In: Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources forest trees (Kole C ed.). Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, 131-144

Sandeep C., Gogoi R., Riajur R., Boruah R.K. and Viswanath S. (2016). Variation in heartwood and oil content of Santalum album L. in Assam and Karnataka. J. Bioresources, 3(1): 79-87.

Shankaranarayana K.H. and Parthasarathi K. (1984). Compositional difference in sandal oils from young and mature trees and in oils undergoing colour change on standing, Ind. Perfu., 28: 138-41.

Shankarnarayana K.H., Angadi V.G., Rajeevaloochan A.N., Theagarajan K.S., Sarma C.R. and Rangaswamy C.R. (1997).A rapid method for estimating essential oil content in heartwood of Santalum album Linn. Current Science,72(4): 241-242.

Shashidhara G., Hema M.V., Koshy B. and Farooqi A.A. (2003).Assessment of genetic diversity and identification of core collection in sandalwood germplasm using RAPDs. J. Horti. Sci. and Biotechnology, 78: 528-536.

Singh P. (1911). Memorandum on the oil values of sandalwoods from Madras. Forest bull. No. 6. F.R.I and colleges, Dehradun.

Sreenivasaya M. and Narayana N. (1948).Sandal seed, its oil and protein. J. Ind. Inst. Sci.,. 16A: 1.

Srimathi R.A. and Kulkarni H.K.D. (1979).Preliminary findings on heartwood formation in sandal (Santalum album L.).Report of the Sandal Research Centre. Bangalore, India. 5p.

Srimathi R.A., Kulkarni H.D. and Venkatesan K.R. (1995). In: Recent Advances in Research and Management of Santalum album L. in India. (R. A. Srimathi, H. D. Kulkarni, and K. R. Venkatesan eds.). Associated Publishing Co., New Delhi. 416.

Srinivasan V.V., Sivaramakrishna V.R., Rangaswamy C.R., Ananthapadmanabha H.S. and Shankaranarayana K.H. (1992). Sandal (Santalum album L.). Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun. 233.

Venkatesan K.R. (1980). A fresh look at the management of sandal. Sandal Research Centre. Bangalore. In: Proceedings of Second Forestry Conference, F.R.I. & Colleges, Dehra Dun.

Viswanath S. (2014). Sandalwood, An unexplored treasure. Inside Fact, National monthly. 1(2): 10-13.

Viswanath S., Dhanya B., Purushothaman S. and Rathore T.S. (2010). Financial viability of Sandal (Santalum album L.) agroforestry practices in southern India Ind. J. Agroforestry, 12(2): 14-22.

Yang K.C. and Hazenberg G. (1991).Sapwood and heartwood width relationship to tree age in Pinus banksiana. Can. J. Forest Res., 21:521-525.