Incident Precipitation, Throughfall and Stemflow chemistry in Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jack. stand in Dal Lake catchment, Srinagar, J & K, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36808/if/2022/v148i8/155030Keywords:
incident rainfall, stemflow, throughfall, Srinagar, Kashmir HimalayasAbstract
The paper presents the results of chemical analysis of stem flow, throughfall and incident precipitation under Pinus wallichiana stand located in Dal Lake catchment in Kashmir Himalayas. The maximum values of Na (10.6 mg l -1), Cl (7.0 mg l -1) and K (2.3 mg l -1) were found in throughfall followed by stemflow (Na = 7.2 mg l -1; Cl = 4.6 mg l -1; K = 1.4 mg l - 1) and incident rainfall (Na = 4.8 mg l -1; Cl = 3.0 mg l -1; K = 1.0 mg l -1). In case of phosphorus however, the maximum values (1.5 mg l -1) were found in incident rainfall and minimum (0.8 mg l -1) in throughfall. The values of all four nutrients varied significantly (P < 0.05) during the course of the study. General trend of increase in nutrients in stemflow, throughfall and incident rainfall was in the order of Na > Cl > K > P. All four nutrients of the stemflow were significantly (P < 0.05) and positively correlated with the diameter at breast height (DBH), and inversely correlated with tree height, however this relationship was not significant. In case of throughfall, Na (r = 0.46), Cl (r = 0.60), K (r = 0.57) and P (r = 0.59) were significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with the crown area.References
Ahmad-Shah A. and Rieley J.O. (1989). Influence of tree canopies on the quantity of water and amount of chemical elements reaching the peat surface of a basin mire in the Midlands of England. Journal of Ecology, 77: 357-370.
Albert G. (1965). Rainfall interception in tropical forest. Caribean Forest, 24(2): 75-79.
Alock M.R. (1983). Nutrient content of throughfall and stemflow in woodland recently established on heat land. Journal of Ecology, 73: 625-632.
Álvarez-Sánchez J., Barajas-Guzmán G., Campo J. and León R. (2016). Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in stemflow of the palm Astrocaryum mexicanum Liebm. located in Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Tropical Ecology, 57(1): 45-55.
André F., Jonard M. and Ponette Q. (2008). Effects of biological and meteorological factors on stemflow chemistry within a temperate mixed oak-beech stand. Science of the Total Environment, 393: 72-83.
Bahmani S.M.H.G., Attarod P., Bayramzadeh V., Ahmadi M.T. and Radmehr A. (2012). Throughfall, stemflow, and rainfall interception in a natural pure forest of chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey.) in the Caspian Forest of Iran. Annals of Forest Research, 55(2): 197-206.
Bhat S., Jacobs J.M. and Bryant M.L. (2010). The chemical composition of rainfall and throughfall in five forest communities: A case study in Fort Benning, Georgia. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, DOI 10.1007/s11270-010-0644-1.
Bultote F. (1972). Rainfall interception by forest vegetation: Estimation of daily interception using a mathematical model. Journal of Hydrology, 17(3):193-203.
Carlisle A., Brown A.H.F. and White E.J. (1966). The organic matter and nutrient elements in the precipitation beneath a sessile oak (Quercus petraea) canopy. Journal of Ecology, 54:87-98.
Carlisle A., Brown A.H.F. and White E.J. (1967). The nutrient content of tree stemflow and ground flora litter and leachates in a sessile oak (Quercus petraea) woodland. Journal of Ecology, 55: 615-627.
Crockford R.H. and Richardson D.P. (2000). Partitioning of rainfall into throughfall, stemflow and interception: effect of forest type, ground cover and climate. Hydrological Processes, 14: 2903-2920.
Dalbro S. (1955). Leaching of foliage by rain. Proc. XIVth Int. Congress, 8: 770-778.
De Schrijver A., Nachtergale L., Staelens J., Luyssaert S. and Keersmaeker L. (2004). Comparison of throughfall and soil solution chemistry between a high-density Corsican pine stand and a naturally regenerated silver birch stand. Environmental Pollution, 131: 93-105.
Deguchi A., Hattori S. and Park H.T. (2006). The influence of seasonal changes in canopy structure on interception loss: Application of the revised Gash model. Journal of Hydrology, 318: 80-102.
Dong L., Han H., Kang F., Cheng X., Zhao J. and Song X. (2020). Rainfall partitioning in Chinese Pine (Pinus tabuliformis Carr.) stands at three different ages. Forests, 11: 243, doi:10.3390/f11020243.
Draaijers G.P.J., van Ek R. and Meijers R. (1992). Research on the impact of forest stand structure on atmospheric deposition. Environmental Pollution, 75: 243-249.
Eaton J.S., Likens G.E. and Bormann F.H. (1973). Throughfall and stemflow chemistry in a northern hardwood forest. Journal of Ecology, 61: 495-508.
Gautam M.K., Tripathi A.K. and Manhas R.K. (2011). Assessment of Critical Loads in Tropical Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. F.) Forests of Doon Valley Himalaya, India. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 218(1-4): 235-264, DOI 10.1007/s11270010-0638-z.
Gautam M.K., Lee K.S. and Song B.Y. (2017). Deposition pattern and throughfall fluxes in secondary cool temperate forest, South Korea. Atmos. Environ., 161: 71-81.
George M. (1979). Nutrient Return by Stem flow, Throughfall and rain water in a Eucalyptus hybrid plantation. Indian Forester, 105(7): 494-496.
Germer S., Werther L. and Elsenbeer H. (2010). Have we underestimated stemflow? Lessons from an open tropical rainforest. Journal of Hydrology, 395: 169-179.
Ghosh R.C., Subba Rao B.K. and Ramola B.C. (1980). Interception studies in Sal (Shorea robusta) coppice forest. Indian Forester, 106(8): 513-525.
Hamilton E.L. and Rowe P.B. (1949). Rainfall interception by Chaparral in California, California Dept. Natural Resources Division Forest and U.S.F.S California for Range Expt. Station.
Henderson G.S. (1977). Quantity and chemistry of throughfall as influenced by Forest type and season. Journal of Ecology, 65: 365-374.
Herrmann M., Pust J. and Pott R. (2006). The chemical composition of throughfall beneath oak, birch and pine canopies in Northwest Germany. Plant Ecology, 184: 273-285.
Hölscher D., Mackensen J. and Roberts J.M. (2005). Forest recovery in the humid tropics: changes in vegetation structure, nutrient pools and the hydrological cycle. Forests, Water and People in the Humid Tropics (M. Bonnell and L.A. Bruijnzeel, eds.). Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 598-621.
Iida S., Tanaka T. and Sugita M. (2005). Change of interception process due to the succession from Japanese red pine to evergreen oak. Journal of Hydrology, 315: 154-166.
Khanna P.K. and Ulrich B. (1981). Changes in the chemistry of throughfall under stands of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Spruce (Picea abies) following addition of fertilizers. Acta Oecol., 2(2): 155-164.
Koul O.N. and Billing W.D. (1965). Cation content of stem flow in some forest trees in North Carolina. Indian Forester, 91: 367-70.
Leonard R.E. (1961). Interception of precipitation by northern hardwoods. U.S. Forest Serv., Northeast. Forest Exp. Sta. Pap., 159: 16.
Levia D.F. and Frost E.E. (2003). A review and evaluation of stemflow literature in the hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles of forested and agricultural ecosystems. Journal of Hydrology, 274: 1-29.
Levia D.F., Keim R.F., Carlyle-Moses D.E. and Frost E.E. (2011). Throughfall and stemflow in wooded ecosystems.
Forest Hydrology and Biogeochemistry: Synthesis of Past Research and Future Directions (Levia D.F., Carlyle-Moses D.E. and Tanaka, T. eds.), Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 425-444.
Limpert K. and Siegert C. (2019). Interspecific Differences in Canopy-Derived Water, Carbon, and Nitrogen in Upland OakHickory Forest. Forests, 10: 1121, doi:10.3390/f10121121.
Ling-hao L. and Peng L. (1998). Throughfall and stemflow nutrient depositions to soil in a subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest in the Wuyi Mountains. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 10(4), 426-432.
Liu Y., Jiang L., You C., Li H., Tan S., Tan B. and Yang W. (2019). Base Cation Fluxes from the Stemflow in Three Mixed Plantations in the Rainy Zone of Western China. Forests, 10: 1101, doi:10.3390/f10121101.
Macinnis-Ng C.M.O., Flores E.E., Muller H. and Schwendenmann L. (2012). Rainfall portioning into throughfall and stemflow and associated nutrient fluxes: land use impacts in a lower montane tropical region of Panama. Biogeochemistry, 111: 661-67.
Madgwick H.A.I. and Ovington J.I. (1959). The chemical composition of precipitation in adjacent forest and open plots. Forestry, 32: 14-22.
Marin T.C., Bouten W. and Sevink J. (2000). Gross rainfall and its partitioning into throughfall, stemflow and evaporation of intercepted water in four forest ecosystems in western Amazonia. Journal of Hydrology, 237: 40-57.
Marques R. and Ranger J. (1997). Nutrient dynamics in a chronosequence of douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands on the Beaujolais Mounts (France). 1: qualitative approach. Forest Ecology and Management, 91: 255-277.
McDowell W.H. (1998). Internal nutrient fluxes in a Puerto Rican rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 14: 521-536.
Miller R.B. (1963). Plant nutrients in hard beech. New Zealand journal of Science, 6: 365-413.
Parker G.G. (1983). Throughfall and stemflow in the forest nutrient cycle. Advances in Ecological Research, 13: 57-113.
Potter C.S., Ragsdale H.L. and Swank W.T. (1991). Atmospheric deposition and foliar leaching in a regenerating southern Appalachian forest canopy. Journal of Ecology, 79: 97-115.
Ray M.P. (1970). Preliminary observations on stem flow, in Alstonia scholaris and Shorea robusta plantation at Arabari, West Bengal India. Indian Forester, 96(7): 482-493.
Rutter A.J. (1964). Studies in water relation of Pinus sylvestris in plantation conditions II. The annual cycle of soil moisture change and derived estimates of evaporation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1: 29-44.
Schooling J.T. and Carlyle-Moses D.E. (2015). The influence of rainfall depth class and deciduous tree traits on stemflow production in an urban park. Urban Ecosystem, 18: 1261-1284.
Šraj M., Brilly M. and Mikoš M. (2008). Rainfall interception by two deciduous Mediterranean forests of contrasting stature in Slovenia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148: 121-134.
Staelens J., Schrijver A., Verheyen K. and Verhoest N.E. (2008). Rainfall partitioning into throughfall, stemflow, and interception within a single beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) canopy: influence of foliation, rain event characteristics, and meteorology. Hydrological Processes, 22: 33-45.
Su L., Zhao C., Xu W. and Xie Z. (2019). Hydrochemical fluxes in bulk precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow in a mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved forest. Forests, 10: 507.
Tamm C.O. (1951). Removal of plant nutrients from tree crowns by rain. Physiologia, 4: 184-188.
Tukey H.B. (1970). The leaching of substances from plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 21: 305- 329.
Van Stan J. and Levia D. (2010). Inter- and intraspecific variation of stemflow production from Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American beech) and Liriodendron tulipifera L. (yellow poplar) in relation to bark microrelief in the eastern United States. Ecohydrology, 3: 11-19.
Voigt G.K. (1960). Distribution of rainfall under forest stands. Forestry Science, 6(1): 2-10.
Voth P.D. (1939). Conduction of rainfall by plant stems in a tropical rain forest. The Botanical Gazette, 101(2): 328-340.
Wani M.A. and Manhas R.K. (2012). Rainfall interception in relation to the tree architecture of Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson. Current Science, 103(7): 821-827.
Will G.H. (1959). Nutrient return in litter and rainfall under some exotic conifer stands in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 2: 719-37.
Yawney H.W., Leaf A.L. and Leonard R.E. (1978). Nutrient content of throughfall and stemflow in fertilized and irrigated Pinus resinosa Ait. stand. Plant Soil, 50(2): 433-446.
Zamierowski E.E. (1975). Leaching losses of minerals from leaves of trees in montane forest in Kenya. Journal of Ecology, 63(2): 679-688.
Downloads
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Unless otherwise stated, copyright or similar rights in all materials presented on the site, including graphical images, are owned by Indian Forester.
