The Economic Role of Rugra in Tribal Livelihoods: A Study of Non-timber Forest Products in Jharkhand

Abstract

This study investigates the economic significance of Rugra (Astraeus spp.), a seasonal wild mushroom, in sustaining tribal livelihoods in Jharkhand, India. Employing household surveys, value chain mapping, and case study evidence from Khunti district, the research demonstrates that Rugra contributes approximately one-fifth of annual household income, rising to nearly 40% among vulnerable families. Its availability during the agricultural lean season provides a vital cash buffer for food security, educational expenses and agricultural inputs. Women emerge as the principal collectors; however, value chain analysis reveals structural inequities, with intermediaries appropriating a disproportionate share of profits, leaving collectors with barely half of the consumer price. Statistical analysis confirms that Rugra's financial contribution is significantly higher than other minor income sources. Beyond its economic role, Rugra functions as a livelihood stabilizer, enhances women's agency, and contributes to Jharkhand's emerging green economy. Policy interventions such as formal recognition, value addition, storage innovations and cooperative marketing are recommended to unlock its full livelihood potential.